A preliminary deposit model for lithium-cesium-tantalum (LCT) pegmatites

Bradley, Dwight C.; McCauley, Andrew

doi:10.3133/ofr20131008

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Kesler and others (2012) estimated lithium resources for 20 of the world's most important pegmatite deposits or districts. Bradley and McCauley (2013) and Bradley and others (2017) have summarized tectonic factors in pegmatite genesis. LCT pegmatites are found in the metamorphic-igneous hinterlands of orogenic belts and are a consequence of plate convergence.…”

Section: Lithium-cesium-tantalum Pegmatite Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium

Bradley¹,

Stillings²,

Jaskula³

et al. 2017

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For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Bradley, D.C., Stillings, L.L., Jaskula, B.W., Munk, LeeAnn, and McCauley, A.D., 2017, Lithium, chap Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C). Activities for radioactive constituents in air are given in microcuries per milliliter (µCi/mL). Concentrations of chemical constituents inDeposit grades are commonly given in percent, grams per metric ton (g/t)-which is equivalent to parts per million (ppm)-or troy ounces per short ton (oz/T).Geologic ages are expressed in mega-annum (Ma, million years before present, or 10 6 years ago) or giga-annum (Ga, billion years before present, or 10 9 years ago).For ranges of years, "to" and (or) the en dash ("-") mean "up to and including." Concentration unit Equals AbstractLithium, the lightest of all metals, is used in air treatment, batteries, ceramics, glass, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are particularly important in efforts to reduce global warming because they make it possible to power cars and trucks from renewable sources of energy (for example, hydroelectric, solar, or wind) instead of by burning fossil fuels. Today, lithium is extracted from brines that are pumped from beneath arid sedimentary basins and extracted from granitic pegmatite ores. The leading producer of lithium from brine is Chile, and the leading producer of lithium from pegmatites is Australia. Other potential sources of lithium include clays, geothermal brines, oilfield brines, and zeolites. Worldwide resources of lithium are estimated to be more than 39 million metric tons, which is enough to meet projected demand to the year 2100. The United States is not a major producer at present but has significant lithium resources.

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Section: Lithium-cesium-tantalum Pegmatite Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium

Bradley¹,

Stillings²,

Jaskula³

et al. 2017

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“…E5). Of these, lithiumrich pegmatites that contain beryl in high-grade pockets (Bradley and McCauley, 2013) and large-tonnage, high-grade volcanogenic beryllium deposits (Foley and others, 2012) are economically important at present (table E3, shown in shading; modified from Barton and Young, 2002).…”

Section: Magmatic-related Beryllium Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exploration for beryl-rich LCT pegmatites is typically carried out within major known pegmatite fields where field relations are clear and discoveries of new pegmatite bodies may be readily mined (Bradley and McCauley, 2013). In areas where bedrock is well exposed, pegmatites stand out because they are light-colored, have large crystals, and are resistant to weathering relative to surrounding country rocks.…”

Section: Exploration For New Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An initial exploration step is the identification of appropriate granitic rock types, although, because pegmatites can invade any rock type, the absence of granite in surface exposures does not eliminate the potential occurrence of LCT pegmatites. In areas where exploration has been minimal, first-order criteria, as established in Bradley and McCauley (2013), are an orogenic hinterland (mountain-building) setting, rocks having metamorphic grades suggesting conditions of medium pressure and medium to high temperatures, and the presence of evolved granites and common granitic pegmatites. Pegmatites that show a regional mineralogical and geochemical zoning pattern concentric about the inferred parental granite are favorable for beryl.…”

Section: Exploration For New Depositsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bertrandite and phenakite are beryllium-bearing silicate minerals; beryl is a beryllium-bearing aluminum silicate miner deposit of bertrandite in the United States that is currently being mined. Dots with labels indicate pegmatite districts and currently being mined for beryl (Foley and others, 2012; Kesler and others, 2012;Bradley and McCauley, 2013). Photographs showing the minerals bertrandite, which can contain up to 42 percent beryllium oxide, and industrial beryl, which can contain up to about 5 percent beryllium.…”

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Beryllium

Foley¹,

Jaskula²,

Piatak³

et al. 2017

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Division; available at http://periodic.lanl.gov/images/periodictable.pdf. Cover.Upper left, nodule of fluorite, opal, and quartz that contains about 1 percent beryllium as bertrandite. Photograph from Foley and others (2012). Lower left, lithium-cesium-tantalum-type pegmatite that shows typical green coloration in an assemblage of quartz and mica. Photograph from USGS archive. Upper right, beryllium metal is used to make mirrors of powerful telescopes. Photograph courtesy of Ball Aerospace. Lower right, beryllium-copper alloys are used to make contacts and connectors, switches, relays, and shielding for everything from cell phones and computers to thermostats, high-definition televisions, and automobiles, as well as electrical connectors necessary for next-generation Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometers, and electrical contacts in cell phones and computers. Photograph courtesy of Spectromat Massenspektrometer GmbH. BerylliumBy Nora K. Foley, Brian W. Jaskula, Nadine M. Piatak, and Ruth F. Schulte Chapter E of Critical Mineral Resources of the United States-Economic and Environmental Geology and Prospects for Future SupplyEdited by Klaus J. Schulz, John H. DeYoung, Jr., Robert R. Seal II, and Dwight C. Bradley For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov/.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Foley, N.K., Jaskula, B.W., Piatak, N.M., and Schulte, R.F., 2017, Beryllium, chap. E of Schulz, K.J., DeYoung, J.H., Jr., Seal, R.R., II, and Bradley, D.C., eds., Critical mineral resources of the United States-Economic and environmental geology and prospects for future supply: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1802, p. E1-E32, https://doi.org/ 10.3133/pp1802E. Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C). Activities for radioactive constituents in air are given in microcuries per milliliter (µCi/mL). ConcentrationsDeposit grades are commonly given in percent, grams per metric ton (g/t)-which is equivalent to parts per million (ppm)-or troy ounces per short ton (oz/T).Geologic ages are expressed in mega-annum (Ma, million years before present, or 10 6 years ago) or giga-annum (Ga, billion years before present, or 10 9 years ago).For ranges of years, "to" and (or) the en dash ("-") mean "up to and including." Concentration unit Equals AbstractBeryllium is a mineral commodity that is used in a variety of industries to make products th...

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