“…GeoSOT (Geographical coordinate grid Subdivision by One-dimension-integer and Two to n th power) subdivision theory ( Figure 1) proposed by Cheng, Tong, Chen, and Zhai (2016) has offered an efficient and scientific way of dividing the whole Earth seamlessly and overlappingly with multiple scales. Recently, it has been widely used and verified in spatial data management (Lu, Cheng, Jin, & Ma, 2013), urban component management (Zhang, Cheng, & Miao, 2019), massive trajectory data (Qian et al, 2019), remote-sensing image data organization (Wang, Cheng, Wu, Wu, & Teng, 2015), and other GIS applicational scenarios (Li, Pu, Cheng, & Chen, 2019). According to the GeoSOT subdivision theory, subdivision grids cover the complete Earth space without any leaks or overlaps.…”