A Practical System of Units for the Description of the Heat Exchange of Man with His Environment

Gagge, A. P.; Burton, Amanda C.; Bazett, H. C.

doi:10.1126/science.94.2445.428

Cited by 287 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…1,2 The origins of the MET to express energy expenditure during different forms of physical activity relative to resting energy expenditure appears to date back to approximately 1890, 13 which was followed by similar observations made decades later. 3,14 Thus, the findings of the current study, which are similar to the finding of others, 10,12 may suggest that the energy cost of a variety of physical activities may be over-estimated when using common reference-MET values. Moreover, the data from this study may suggest that this over-estimation may be of particular concern for women and for individuals at a higher BMI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…1 The MET is considered to be a universal measure of expressing energy expenditure as a multiple of the resting or reference level in relation to body weight. 2 Based on work conducted in 1941 that involved heat exchange in a neutral environment under resting conditions, Gagge at el 3 are credited with coining the MET terminology, which most closely mirrors the current use of the MET with regard to energy expenditure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examination of the Estimated Resting Metabolic Equivalent (MET) in Overweight and Obesity

Rogers

Jakicic²

2016

Obes Res Open J

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Short CommunicationPage 6 ABSTRACT Background: Energy expenditure is commonly expressed in multiples of the resting metabolic equivalent task (MET), with 1 MET estimated to be equivalent to 3.5 ml/kg/min or 0.250 L/min of oxygen consumption. This investigation examined whether the estimated resting oxygen consumption used to express a MET was significantly different than measured resting oxygen consumption in overweight, obese class I, and obese class II subjects. Methods: Forty-five (age: 37.5±10.5, BMI: 32.4±3.5) overweight (N=11), Class I (N=21), or Class II (N=13) obese subjects participated in this study. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed on two separate days. Following a 30-minute supine resting period in a semidarkened room, REE was assessed using the dilution technique. Data were expressed as relative (ml/kg/min) and absolute (L/min) oxygen consumption. Results: Relative oxygen consumption (3.0±0.6 ml/kg/min, p<0.001) was significantly lower than the reference value for 1 MET (3.5 ml/kg/min), with no difference across BMI categories, but a difference by gender (p=0.002). The reference-MET value over-estimated oxygen consumption for females and under-estimated oxygen consumption for males. There was no difference in the measured absolute resting oxygen consumption compared to the reference of 0.250 L/min; however, there were independent gender (p<0.001) and BMI (p<0.001) main effects. Conclusions: These differences between the measured and estimated oxygen consumption representing 1 MET in overweight and obese adults may have implications with regards to energy expenditure and its assumed impact on body weight regulation. Continued efforts are needed to understand factors that influence metabolism and the variability observed between individuals in energy expenditure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of the Estimated Resting Metabolic Equivalent (MET) in Overweight and Obesity

Rogers

Jakicic²

2016

Obes Res Open J

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“…The standard insulation unit (clo) equals 0.155 8C m 2 W À1 [Gagge et al, 1941]. It has been suggested [American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 1986] that for each 0.1 clo deviation from the usual 0.6 clo insulation baseline for sedentary office workers (1 met), the T a for comfort can be offset by 0.55 8C.…”

Section: Human Heat Tolerance and Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption

Adair¹,

Black²

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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This white paper combines a tutorial on the fundamentals of thermoregulation with a review of the current literature concerned with physiological thermoregulatory responses of humans and laboratory animals in the presence of radio frequency (RF) and microwave fields. The ultimate goal of research involving whole body RF exposure of intact organisms is the prediction of effects of such exposure on human beings. Most of the published research on physiological thermoregulation has been conducted on laboratory animals, with a heavy emphasis on laboratory rodents. Because their physiological heat loss mechanisms are limited, these small animals are very poor models for human beings. Basic information about the thermoregulatory capabilities of animal models relative to human capability is essential for the appropriate evaluation and extrapolation of animal data to humans. In general, reliance on data collected on humans and nonhuman primates, however fragmentary, yields a more accurate understanding of how RF fields interact with humans. Such data are featured in this review, including data from both clinic and laboratory. Featured topics include thermal sensation, human RF overexposures, exposures attending magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), predictions based on simulation models, and laboratory studies of human volunteers. Supporting data from animal studies include the thermoregulatory profile, response thresholds, physiological responses of heat production and heat loss, intense or prolonged exposure, RF effects on early development, circadian variation, and additive drug-microwave interactions. The conclusion is inescapable that humans demonstrate far superior thermoregulatory ability over other tested organisms during RF exposure at, or even above current human exposure guidelines. Bioelectromagnetics Supplement 6:S17-S38, 2003.

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“…Experiments by Yaglou (1927) in the 1920s indicated a correlation between the skin temperature and the sensation of thermal comfort; later and more complete studies by Winslow (1937), Gagge et al (1941), Winslow, Herrington, and Gagge (1937), DuBois, Ebaugh, and Hardy (1952), and Nielsen (1947) showed a correlation between thermal sensation and skin temperature, independent of whether the subjects were nude or clothed. Therefore it was generally accepted for a long time that the physiological conditions for comfort were that a person had a mean skin temperature of 33-34°C and that sweating ( From equation (2) it can be seen that man prefers a sweat secretion of zero during sedentary activity (M = 58 W/m2), whereas at higher activities he prefers a sweat secretion involving a latent heat loss of 42 % of the increased heat production of the body.…”

Section: Physiological Comfort Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice

1974

Applied Ergonomics

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A Practical System of Units for the Description of the Heat Exchange of Man with His Environment

Cited by 287 publications

References 1 publication

Examination of the Estimated Resting Metabolic Equivalent (MET) in Overweight and Obesity

Examination of the Estimated Resting Metabolic Equivalent (MET) in Overweight and Obesity

Thermoregulatory responses to RF energy absorption

Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice

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