“…Several authors have studied how one can optimize generalizability coefficients, reliability coefficients, or validity coefficients, or how one can minimize decision error rates. In many cases this was studied in the context of a budget constraint (e.g., Allison et al, 1997;Ellis, 2013;Liu, 2003;Marcoulides, 1993Marcoulides, , 1995Marcoulides, , 1997Marcoulides & Goldstein, 1990a, 1990b, 1992Meyer et al, 2013;Sanders, 1992;Sanders et al, 1991) or fixed total testing time (e.g., Ebel, 1953;Hambleton, 1987;Horst, 1949Horst, , 1951. Alternatively, one may minimize the costs of measurement given constraints on the generalizability coefficient or error variance (e.g., Peng et al, 2012;Sanders et al, 1989), which is a similar problem.…”