A practical method for solving free-surface seepage problems

A solution to transient seepage in unsaturated porous media

“…The resulting free surface is illustrated in Fig. 14 which is very similar to other reference solutions [5,6,8,12].…”

“…12. It can be observed that the resulting free surface/phreatic line (region with zero liquid pressure) is comparable to other solutions [5,6,8,12]. Note that by varying the water level at the right-hand face, the whole face is subjected to the unilateral conditions.…”

“…Each verification problem has been thoroughly investigated by other authors and reference results are available for comparisons [5,6,8,12]. While the reference results are obtained using iterations or mesh adaptations, our results are a direct outcome from the proposed transient formulation including the mixed boundary condition.…”

“…To circumvent this problem, a number of strategies has been proposed in the literature and some include iterative techniques while others use mesh adaptivity [4][5][6][7]. The topic is still active with some recent papers published [8][9][10][11][12].…”

Locating the Free Surface Flow in Porous Media Using the Scaled Boundary Finite-Element Method

“…The procedure allows solution for non-homogeneous materials and complex geometrical shapes. A finite-difference approach applicable to spreadsheet calculations is proposed by Bardet and Tobita [12] for the solutions of unconfined seepage with an unknown free surface. This method is based on the extended pressure method for free surface seepage problems.…”