A practical guide to bladder cancer pathology

Abstract

Pathological assessment of bladder cancer is becoming an increasingly complex task owing to the growing availability of molecular data for different histological subtypes and the appreciation of their importance in determining outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Urologists are aware of the need to closely collaborate with pathologists, and comprehensive sharing of information is crucial to achieve optimal patient management. Numerous steps towards this goal have been made during the past years. Important advances in the assessment and reporting of grading and staging, especially substaging of pT1 urothelial carcinomas, have been made. As part of the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR), an international expert group has suggested worldwide reporting standards for urothelial lesions. Nevertheless, several issues remain unresolved, for example, regarding the reporting of heterogeneous lesions and substaging as well as the gross handling and the reporting for lymphadenectomy specimens. During the past few years, major insights have been gained into the molecular changes that occur during bladder cancer development, but a consensus on how to integrate these data into daily practice has not been achieved.

Inhibition of urinary bladder cancer cell proliferation by silibinin

“…Currently, smoking is the main responsible factor (Adjei et al ., 2019). The most common type of urinary bladder cancer is urothelial carcinoma, which can be superficial or muscle invasive (Compérat et al ., 2018). TP53 mutations are the most common genetic alterations in urinary bladder cancer, occurring mainly in muscle‐invasive tumors.…”

Prognostic value of differentially methylated gene profiles in bladder cancer

“…Bladder cancer, which is accompanied by substantial morbidity, mortality, and cost, is a highly prevalent disease (Ploeg, Aben, & Kiemeney, 2009). In the past few years, considerable progress in understanding the molecular changes that occur in bladder cancer has been made, with the increasing study of gene methylation and its relationship to bladder cancer (Compérat et al, 2018;Tilley, Kim, & Fry, 2017 Note. CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio.…”

Identification of Immunological Features Enables Survival Prediction of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Using Machine Learning

“…Due to the intra-and inter-tumoural heterogeneity of MIBC, evident from the phenotypic and molecular diversity of tumour cells, choosing the most effective treatment for each patient is very challenging [6,7]. Currently, clinical assessment of bladder uses the Tumour-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system [8,9], where T describes the depth of invasion into the bladder wall, and N and M the presence or lack of node and distant metastasis, respectively. MIBC ranges from tumours which invade the detrusor muscle (T2), to tumours which spread to nearby organs (T4) [10,1].…”