A practical framework for regulating for-profit recreational marijuana in US States: Lessons from Colorado and Washington

Carnevale, John; Kagan, Raanan; Murphy, Patrick J.; Esrick, Josh

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.03.001

Cited by 51 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Speculation about RML effects largely assume that substituting cannabis for alcohol will be better for public health ( Anderson and Rees, 2014 ; Carnevale et al , 2017 ). Some experts have assumed that RMLs will lead to substitution of cannabis for alcohol ( Anderson and Rees, 2014 ; Kilmer, 2017 ), whereas others have been less sure ( Edwards, 1974 ; Hall and Lynskey, 2016 ; Hawken et al , 2013 ; Pacula and Sevigny, 2014 ).…”

Section: Epidemiologic Evidence On MML S and Cannamentioning

confidence: 99%

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems

Hasin

2017

Neuropsychopharmacol.

478

330

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This review provides an overview of the changing US epidemiology of cannabis use and associated problems. Adults and adolescents increasingly view cannabis as harmless, and some can use cannabis without harm. However, potential problems include harms from prenatal exposure and unintentional childhood exposure; decline in educational or occupational functioning after early adolescent use, and in adulthood, impaired driving and vehicle crashes; cannabis use disorders (CUD), cannabis withdrawal, and psychiatric comorbidity. Evidence suggests national increases in cannabis potency, prenatal and unintentional childhood exposure; and in adults, increased use, CUD, cannabis-related emergency room visits, and fatal vehicle crashes. Twenty-nine states have medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and of these, 8 have recreational marijuana laws (RMLs). Many studies indicate that MMLs or their specific provisions did not increase adolescent cannabis use. However, the more limited literature suggests that MMLs have led to increased cannabis potency, unintentional childhood exposures, adult cannabis use, and adult CUD. Ecological-level studies suggest that MMLs have led to substitution of cannabis for opioids, and also possibly for psychiatric medications. Much remains to be determined about cannabis trends and the role of MMLs and RMLs in these trends. The public, health professionals, and policy makers would benefit from education about the risks of cannabis use, the increases in such risks, and the role of marijuana laws in these increases.

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Section: Epidemiologic Evidence On MML S and Cannamentioning

confidence: 99%

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems

Hasin

2017

Neuropsychopharmacol.

478

330

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“…In the year or so after legalization, Colorado saw a 63% increase in cannabis-related poison center calls for children, which was largely due to accidental cannabis edible ingestion ( 59 ). Colorado also saw four high-profile deaths related to consumption of edibles that occurred shortly after the legal retail market opened ( 60 ), and accumulating evidence suggested that edibles contributed to increased rates of cannabis-related ED visits ( 59 , 60 , 74 ). As a result of these harms, Colorado created a task force to address safety issues related to use of cannabis edibles, which resulted in tighter regulations and stricter packaging requirements ( 74 ).…”

Section: Approaches To Minimizing Acute Harms: Recommendations For Pumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These data strongly argue in favor of restriction of sales of edible products. However, complete prohibition of edible cannabis would undermine the success of legalization, as edibles are popular products that are prevalent even in jurisdictions without legal cannabis laws ( 74 ). As a result, the data from both Colorado and Washington state favor early restriction of edibles and high-potency cannabis products; this gives time for the retail market to stabilize and for data collection systems to be implemented, allowing for increased safety when newer cannabis products are eventually legalized ( 74 ).…”

Section: Approaches To Minimizing Acute Harms: Recommendations For Pumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, complete prohibition of edible cannabis would undermine the success of legalization, as edibles are popular products that are prevalent even in jurisdictions without legal cannabis laws ( 74 ). As a result, the data from both Colorado and Washington state favor early restriction of edibles and high-potency cannabis products; this gives time for the retail market to stabilize and for data collection systems to be implemented, allowing for increased safety when newer cannabis products are eventually legalized ( 74 ). In addition, as there currently exists very little data to judge risks associated with the use of many of these newer cannabis products, delaying their sales in legal markets can allow for more time to conduct proper placebo-controlled safety trials.…”

Section: Approaches To Minimizing Acute Harms: Recommendations For Pumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cannabis Legalization and Acute Harm From High Potency Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Public Health

Matheson

Foll

2020

Front. Psychiatry

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Legalization and commercial sale of non-medical cannabis has led to increasing diversity and potency of cannabis products. Some of the American states that were the first to legalize have seen rises in acute harms associated with cannabis use, e.g. Colorado has seen increases in emergency department visits for cannabis-related acute psychological distress and severe vomiting (hyperemesis), as well as a number of high-profile deaths related to ingestion of high doses of cannabis edibles. Over-ingestion of cannabis is related to multiple factors, including the sale of cannabis products with high levels of THC and consumers’ confusion regarding labelling of cannabis products, which disproportionately impact new or inexperienced users. Based on our review of the literature, we propose three approaches to minimizing acute harms: early restriction of cannabis edibles and high-potency products; clear and consistent labelling that communicates dose/serving size and health risks; and implementation of robust data collection frameworks to monitor harms, broken down by cannabis product type (e.g. dose, potency, route of administration) and consumer characteristics (e.g. age, sex, gender, ethnicity). Ongoing data collection and monitoring of harms in jurisdictions that have existing legal cannabis laws will be vital to understanding the impact of cannabis legalization and maximizing public health benefits.

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“…Consequently, METRC was initially ill-prepared to fulfill the market's demands. There was an avalanche of problems [108]: the MED regulatory agency mismanaged the roll-out of a predecessor system for medical cannabis [47], there were bottlenecks in manufacturing and distributing enough RFID tags for growers and producers [61], the central database had poor usability and uptime, preventing users from uploading their inventories as required by law [48], and innovative new products and business models could not be made to fit into METRC's models for logging transactions or ontologies for classifying products [17,121]. As METRC was introduced to regulate a legally precarious marketplace, its fumbled launch jeopardized the larger institutional experiment of legalizing recreational cannabis in Colorado.…”

Section: Case Study 2: Cannabis Informaticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

"This Place Does What It Was Built For"

Frey

Krafft

Keegan

2019

Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.

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Whether we recognize it or not, the Internet is rife with exciting and original institutional forms that are transforming social organization on and offline. Governing these Internet platforms and other digital institutions has posed a challenge for engineers and managers, many of whom have little exposure to the relevant history or theory of institutional design. The dominant guiding practices for the design of digital institutions to date in human-computer interaction, computer-supported cooperative work, and the tech industry at large have been an incentive-focused behavioral engineering paradigm encompassing atheoretical approaches such as emulation, A/B-testing, engagement maximization, and piecemeal issue-driven engineering. One institutional analysis framework that has been useful in the study of traditional institutions comes from scholars of natural resource management, particularly that community of economists, anthropologists, and environmental and political scientists focused around the work of Elinor Ostrom, known collectively as the "Ostrom Workshop." A key finding from this community that has yet to be broadly incorporated into the design of many digital institutions is the importance of including participatory change mechanisms in what is called a "constitutional layer" of institutional design. The institutional rules that compose a constitutional layer facilitate stakeholder participation in the ongoing process of institutional design change. We explore to what extent consideration of constitutional layers is met or could be better met in three varied cases of digital institutions: cryptocurrencies, cannabis informatics, and amateur Minecraft server governance. Examining such highly varied cases allows us to demonstrate the broad relevance of constitutional layers in many different types of digital institutions.

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A practical framework for regulating for-profit recreational marijuana in US States: Lessons from Colorado and Washington

Cited by 51 publications

References 12 publications

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems

US Epidemiology of Cannabis Use and Associated Problems

Cannabis Legalization and Acute Harm From High Potency Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Public Health

"This Place Does What It Was Built For"

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