A practical field technique for measuring reservoir evaporation utilizing mass-transfer theory

Harbeck, G. Earl

doi:10.3133/pp272e

Cited by 189 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Nevertheless, attempts have been made to produce a generally applicable value (Finch and Calver 2008). Harbeck (1962) also suggested an expression for C that incorporated the area of the water body (A s ). A mass transfer equation by Shuttleworth (1993) was expressed as (Finch and Calver 2008):…”

Section: Penmanmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Estimating Evaporation from Lakes and Reservoirs under Limited Data Condition in a Semi-Arid Region

Majidi

Alizadeh

Faridhosseini

et al. 2015

Water Resour Manage

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The Bowen ration energy balance (BREB) is considered as a standard method for estimating lake evaporation. The BREB method however requires numerous input data which may not be readily available especially in developing countries. This limitation could be solved by using methods with fewer data requirements. Evaporation from lakes and reservoirs in Iran is commonly estimated using pan evaporation because there have not been a consensus on which methods are most applicable under the limited data condition and arid climate. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the most appropriate evaporation methods over Doosti dam reservoir in Iran. Eighteen existing methods were tested and ranked based on the BREB method. The Jensen-Haise, Makkink, Penman and deBruin methods were among the most consistent methods with BREB in which the RMSD values were obtained 1.2, 1.34, 1.62 and 1.65 mm d −1 , respectively. Finally, we concluded that methods which rely only on air temperature, or air temperature combined with sunshine data (e.g., Jensen-Haise and Makkink), were relatively cost-effective options for estimating evaporation at the study area due to their simplicity, least sensitivity and high accuracy.Nomenclature E the evaporation rate (mm d −1 ) R n the net radiation (W m −2 ) N the change in the energy storage in the water (W m −2 ) λ the latent heat of vaporization c the specific heat of water (J kg −1 ) F in and F out the heat fluxes from water flows in and out of the water body (W m −2 ) F P the heat inflow from precipitation (W m −2 ) Water Resour Manage G the heat conducted from the lake to the sediments (W m −2 ) β Bowen ratio (dimensionless) P the atmospheric pressure (kPa) c B the specific heat of air at constant pressure (0.61°C −1 ) T a the air temperature (°C) (°F for the Blaney-Criddle Jensen-Haise and Stephens-Stewart equations) T w the water surface temperature (°C) e s the saturation vapor pressure at the water surface temperature (Pa) e a the atmospheric vapor pressure (Pa) e a * the saturated vapor pressure at temperature of the air (mb) Δ the slope of the saturated vapor pressure-temperature curve (Pa°C −1 ) γ the psychometric coefficient (Pa°C −1 ) u the wind speed (m s −1 ) α Priestley-Taylor empirically derived constant (dimensionless) R s the incoming solar radiation (W m −2 ) C the mass-transfer coefficient (dimensionless) A s the area of the water body (hec) D the hours of daylight D TA the total annual hours of daylight SVD the saturated vapor density at mean air temperature (g m −3 ) e * a,max the saturated vapor pressures at maximum air temperature (Pa) e * a,min the saturated vapor pressures at minimum air temperature (Pa) E BREB the estimated evaporation values using BREB method (mm d −1 ) E eq the estimated evaporation values obtained by any methods (mm d −1 )

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Section: Penmanmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The mass transfer methods are based on Dalton equation. Harbeck (1962) developed a slightly different equation for estimating evaporation from reservoirs (Finch and Calver 2008):…”

Section: Penmanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Evaporation from Lakes and Reservoirs under Limited Data Condition in a Semi-Arid Region

Majidi

Alizadeh

Faridhosseini

et al. 2015

Water Resour Manage

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“…These methods are based on meteorological factors, such as air temperature (Thornthwaite 1948), solar radiation (Turc 1961), or other factors, such as mass transfer (Harbeck 1962) or some measurement related to these variables, like pan evaporation, and these methods were developed for specific studies and most of them are more apt to use in climate-similar areas. The PenmanMonteith method approach was recommended by FAO (Allen et al 1998) as a sole standard method to calculate reference evapotranspiration wherever the required data were available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of decreased reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in the Jinghe River catchment, northern China

2011

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This study focused on the changes of reference evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) and pan evaporation (ET pan ) to study the impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle in the Jinghe River catchment. Based on the Penman-Monteith equation, the ET 0 was calculated. The temporal trend and spatial distribution of ET 0 and E pan measured with a 20-cm pan were examined at the 14 stations during 1957-2005. The effects of meteorological factors on the variation of ET 0 were determined by analyzing the trends in themselves with comparison between original climate and detrended climate scenarios and then their sensitivity to ET 0 . Both the ET 0 and E pan showed remarkable decreasing trends from 1957 to 2005 and their decreasing rate was 40.9 and 17.7 mm per 10 years, respectively. Trend analysis of meteorological factors exhibited that the reduction in ET 0 and ET pan was principally caused by both significant decreases in wind speed and sunshine hours. Furthermore, the decreasing trend of ET 0 was mainly dominated by the significant decrease in wind speed with high sensitivity, to a less extent, by the decrease in net radiation. Although relative humidity is one of the most sensitive variables, its effect on ET 0 was negligible because of its temporal constancy. The contribution of wind speed reduction to decreased ET 0 has increased from 50 to 76.1%, but net radiation, by contrast, decreased from 50 to 23.9%.

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“…Fritschen 1966), mass transfer methods (e.g. Harbeck 1962); and combination methods (e.g. Penman 1948).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Evaporation-Seepage Losses for Reservoir Water Balance in Semi-arid Regions

Chandrasekaran

Vasudevan²,

Maran

et al. 2008

Water Resour Manage

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In the water balance of reservoir system, evaporation plays a crucial role particularly so for the reservoir systems of smaller size located in the semi-arid or arid regions. Such regions are most often characterized by significant seepage losses from reservoirs, besides evaporation losses. Usually, in the optimization of a reservoir system, it is a common practice to assume evaporation loss either as some constant value or as negligible. Such assumptions, however, may affect the results of reservoir optimization. This is demonstrated in this study by a case study in the optimal scheduling of Pilavakkal reservoir system in Vaipar basin of Tamilnadu, India. For modeling reservoir losses, many models are available, of which, Penman combination model is most commonly used. In this study, an alternative approach based on Genetic Programming (GP) is proposed. The results of GP and Penman model for both evaporation loss estimation and reservoir scheduling are compared. It is found that while GP and Penman combination model performs equally well for estimating evaporation losses, GP is also able to model seepage losses (or other losses from reservoir) to a much better degree. It is also shown the reservoir scheduling does get influenced based on how the reservoir losses are modeled in the reservoir water balance equation.

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A practical field technique for measuring reservoir evaporation utilizing mass-transfer theory

Cited by 189 publications

References 2 publications

Estimating Evaporation from Lakes and Reservoirs under Limited Data Condition in a Semi-Arid Region

Estimating Evaporation from Lakes and Reservoirs under Limited Data Condition in a Semi-Arid Region

Causes of decreased reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in the Jinghe River catchment, northern China

Modeling Evaporation-Seepage Losses for Reservoir Water Balance in Semi-arid Regions

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