A Practical Approach to Monitoring Recovery: Development of a Perceived Recovery Status Scale

Laurent, Matthew C.; Green, J Matt; Bishop, Phillip A.; Sjökvist, Jesper; Schumacker, Randall E.; Richardson, Mark T.; Curtner‐Smith, Matthew D.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c69ec6

Cited by 246 publications

(250 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…45.46 Since then, a number of validated questionnaires have been developed which address this question. [47][48][49] They are simple, easy to administer, and offer the coach the possibility of high-frequency assessment and rapid decision making.…”

Section: The Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future

Foster

Rodríguez-Marroyo

Koning³

2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

197

152

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Training monitoring is about keeping track of what athletes accomplish in training, for the purpose of improving the interaction between coach and athlete. Over history there have been several basic schemes of training monitoring. In the earliest days training monitoring was about observing the athlete during standard workouts. However, difficulty in standardizing the conditions of training made this process unreliable. With the advent of interval training, monitoring became more systematic. However, imprecision in the measurement of heart rate (HR) evolved interval training toward index workouts, where the main monitored parameter was average time required to complete index workouts. These measures of training load focused on the external training load, what the athlete could actually do. With the advent of interest from the scientific community, the development of the concept of metabolic thresholds and the possibility of trackside measurement of HR, lactate, VO 2 , and power output, there was greater interest in the internal training load, allowing better titration of training loads in athletes of differing ability. These methods show much promise but often require laboratory testing for calibration and tend to produce too much information, in too slow a time frame, to be optimally useful to coaches. The advent of the TRIMP concept by Banister suggested a strategy to combine intensity and duration elements of training into a single index concept, training load. Although the original TRIMP concept was mathematically complex, the development of the session RPE and similar low-tech methods has demonstrated a way to evaluate training load, along with derived variables, in a simple, responsive way. Recently, there has been interest in using wearable sensors to provide high-resolution data of the external training load. These methods are promising, but problems relative to information overload and turnaround time to coaches remain to be solved. Watching athletes perform well, set personal records or win competitions, are great pleasures for sports scientists. To think that the information that you have collected on the athlete, or synthesized from the literature, has helped the athlete achieve optimal performance is "as good as it gets" for support staff. Conversely, watching a poor performance inspires analysis of what went wrong, with preparation, tactics, or execution of the competitive plan. This provides the basis for the questions that drive sport-science research. Because so much of the preparation of athletes is related to the structure and details of the training program, there is a natural emphasis on how training influences performance. This interest goes into history, to Milo of Crotona, the Italian farm boy who lifted a growing bullock daily until he became the strongest man in the world and legend of the ancient Olympics. This story provides the historical grounding for the quest to understand the training response, most uniquely characterized by the concept of progression of the training load, and to...

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Section: The Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future

Foster

Rodríguez-Marroyo

Koning³

2017

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

197

152

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Athletes indicated perceived muscle soreness on a visual analog scale. This measurement was obtained at pretraining, posttraining, postrecovery, and 24 and 48 hours postrecovery using the methods described by Carvalho was estimated at posttraining, postrecovery, and 24 and 48 hours postrecovery using the methods described by Laurent et al 26 Body Temperature. As a complementary measure, we used a digital thermometer (G-Tech, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China) with an accuracy of 60.28C to measure skin temperature at 3 stages: pretraining, posttraining, and postrecovery.…”

Section: Iu/l)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes

Fonseca

Brito

Silva

et al. 2016

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been applied widely as a recovery method, but little evidence is available to support its effectiveness.Objective: To investigate the effects of CWI on muscle damage, perceived muscle soreness, and muscle power recovery of the upper and lower limbs after jiu-jitsu training.Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory and field. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 8 highly trained male athletes (age ¼ 24.0 6 3.6 years, mass ¼ 78.4 6 2.4 kg, percentage of body fat ¼ 13.1% 6 3.6%) completed all study phases.Intervention(s): We randomly selected half of the sample for recovery using CWI (6.08C 6 0.58C) for 19 minutes; the other participants were allocated to the control condition (passive recovery). Treatments were reversed in the second session (after 1 week).Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase enzymes; perceived muscle soreness; and recovery through visual analogue scales and muscle power of the upper and lower limbs at pretraining, postrecovery, 24 hours, and 48 hours.Results: Athletes who underwent CWI showed better posttraining recovery measures because circulating LDH levels were lower at 24 hours postrecovery in the CWI condition (441.9 6 81.4 IU/L) than in the control condition (493.6 6 97.4 IU/L; P ¼ .03). Estimated muscle power was higher in the CWI than in the control condition for both upper limbs (757.9 6 125.1 W versus 695.9 6 56.1 W) and lower limbs (53.7 6 3.7 cm versus 35.5 6 8.2 cm; both P values ¼ .001). In addition, we observed less perceived muscle soreness (1.5 6 1.1 arbitrary units [au] versus 3.1 6 1.0 au; P ¼ .004) and higher perceived recovery (8.8 6 1.9 au versus 6.9 6 1.7 au; P ¼ .005) in the CWI than in the control condition at 24 hours postrecovery.Conclusions: Use of CWI can be beneficial to jiu-jitsu athletes because it reduces circulating LDH levels, results in less perceived muscle soreness, and helps muscle power recovery at 24 hours postrecovery.Key Words: creatine kinase, cryotherapy, L-lactate dehydrogenase, martial arts, muscle power Key PointsCold-water immersion may be beneficial to jiu-jitsu athletes because it decreased markers of muscle damage. Cold-water immersion reduced the perception of muscle pain. Cold-water immersion assisted in the recovery of the upper and lower limbs. Jiu-jitsu athletes could use cold-water immersion to improve performance and physiologic status, especially during training phases in which more intensive sessions are conducted and at the beginning of the season.

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“…Previous research has established a close association between perceptual feelings of recovery and sprint performance (8,25). Laurent et al (25) determined that subjects were able to accurately assess recovery following fatiguing exercise, based on subsequent sprint performance 80% of the time using the PRS scale. In the current study, subjects provided lower PRS scores (reflecting poorer subjective feelings of recovery) for DT and also had impaired subsequent sprint performance 56% of the time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects then completed performance trials identical to BT, with the lone exception being that, following warm-up, the subjects estimated their level of recovery using a perceived recovery scale (PRS). The PRS scale was developed by Laurent et al (25) for subjective estimations of feelings of recovery before exercise.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hypohydration on Repeated 40-yd Sprint Performance

Gann

Green

OʼNeal

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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This study examined the effects of hypohydration on repeated 40-yd sprint performance. Anaerobically fit current and former Division II male athletes (n = 12) completed 2 bouts of 10 × 40-yd sprints followed by an agility test, dehydrated (∼3% body weight [DT]), or hydrated trial (HT). Statistical analysis of group means indicated that hypohydration had little effect on sprint times for either the first (DT= 5.38 ± 0.37; HT = 5.35 ± 0.34) or second (DT = 5.47 ± 0.39; HT = 5.42 ± 0.39) bout of 10 sprints with only sprint number 2, 5, and 6 of bout 2 reaching statistical significance. However, when individual sprint performance was considered, a greater effect was seen. In all, 83% (10 of 12) of subjects experienced a meaningful change (≥0.1 seconds) (positive or negative) in mean sprint time (DT vs. HT) for one or more bout of 10 sprints. Ratings of perceived exertion was significantly higher (∼1 unit on a 10 point scale) for DT in all sprints during bout 1 and the first 2 sprints of bout 2. These results indicate that the effect of hypohydration on repeated sprint performance varies among individuals. Some improved performance with hypohydration, while others experienced detrimental effects. Hypohydration also resulted in a particularly notable negative impact on perceptual measures of exertion even when performance was similar.

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A Practical Approach to Monitoring Recovery: Development of a Perceived Recovery Status Scale

Cited by 246 publications

References 10 publications

Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future

Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future

Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes

Effects of Hypohydration on Repeated 40-yd Sprint Performance

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