A PPO Promoter from Betalain-Producing Red Swiss Chard, Directs Petiole- and Root-Preferential Expression of Foreign Gene in Anthocyanins-Producing Plants

Yu, Zhihai; Han, Yanan; Xiao, Xia

doi:10.3390/ijms161126011

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Betalains are mainly existed in Caryophyllales species, with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae species[8–10], as well as some higher fungi [11, 12]. Betalains and anthocyanins cannot coexist in the same plant [13, 14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RNA-sequencing analysis reveals betalains metabolism in the leaf of Amaranthus tricolor L.

et al. 2019

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Amaranth plants contain large amounts of betalains, including betaxanthins and betacyanins. Amaranthin is a betacyanin, and its molecular structure and associated metabolic pathway differ from those of betanin in beet plants. The chlorophyll, carotenoid, betalain, and flavonoid contents in amaranth leaves were analyzed. The abundance of betalain, betacyanin, and betaxanthin was 2–5-fold higher in the red leaf sectors than in the green leaf sectors. Moreover, a transcriptome database was constructed for the red and green sectors of amaranth leaves harvested from 30-day-old seedlings. 22 unigenes were selected to analyze the expression profiles in the two leaf sectors. The RNA-sequencing data indicated that many unigenes are involved in betalain metabolic pathways. The potential relationships between diverse metabolic pathways and betalain metabolism were analyzed. The validation of the expression of 22 selected unigenes in a qRT-PCR assay revealed the genes that were differentially expressed in the two leaf sectors. Betalains were biosynthesized in specific tissues of the red sectors of amaranth leaves. Almost all of the genes related to betalain metabolism were identified in the transcriptome database, and the expression profiles were different between the red sectors and green sectors in the leaf. Amaranth plants consist of diverse metabolic pathways, and the betalain metabolic pathway is linked to a group of other metabolic pathways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The classic betalain metabolic pathway includes several enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO), cytochrome P450 (CYP76AD1/5/6), L- dihydroxyphenylalanine 4,5-dioxygenase (DODA), and glucosyltransferase. However, some of the pathway steps occur spontaneously to ultimately generate betalains [10, 37–43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RNA-sequencing analysis reveals betalains metabolism in the leaf of Amaranthus tricolor L.

et al. 2019

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“…The first PPO promoter was identified in B. vulgaris subsp. cicla [37]. DOD is a key enzyme catalyzing the cleavage of L-DOPA needed for the formation of betalamic acid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteomic Analysis of Hylocereus polyrhizus Reveals Metabolic Pathway Changes

Hua

Zhou²,

Gan

et al. 2016

IJMS

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Red dragon fruit or red pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is the only edible fruit that contains betalains. The color of betalains ranges from red and violet to yellow in plants. Betalains may also serve as an important component of health-promoting and disease-preventing functional food. Currently, the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways for betalain production remain to be fully deciphered. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analyses were used to reveal the molecular mechanism of betalain biosynthesis in H. polyrhizus fruits at white and red pulp stages, respectively. A total of 1946 proteins were identified as the differentially expressed between the two samples, and 936 of them were significantly highly expressed at the red pulp stage of H. polyrhizus. RNA-seq and iTRAQ analyses showed that some transcripts and proteins were positively correlated; they belonged to “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “tyrosine metabolism”, “flavonoid biosynthesis”, “ascorbate and aldarate metabolism”, “betalains biosynthesis” and “anthocyanin biosynthesis”. In betalains biosynthesis pathway, several proteins/enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase, CYP76AD3 and 4,5-dihydroxy-phenylalanine (DOPA) dioxygenase extradiol-like protein were identified. The present study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism of the betalain biosynthesis at the posttranscriptional level.

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“…Niu’s study also exhibited that blue color was declined with decreasing of ZmPEAMT promoter length in transgenic tobacco under no stress condition [ 65 ]. The 5′-truncated BvcPPOPs (F3, F4 and F5) also drove decreased GUS activity with the shortening of promoter length [ 66 ]. However, GUS activity was not positively correlated with the promoter length under the abiotic stress in Niu’s study [ 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 1232 bp upstream sequence of glutamine synthetase 1b from Eichhornia crassipes is a root-preferential promoter sequence

et al. 2021

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Background Glutamine synthetase (GS) acts as a key enzyme in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism. It is important to understand the regulation of GS expression in plant. Promoters can initiate the transcription of its downstream gene. Eichhornia crassipes is a most prominent aquatic invasive plant, which has negative effects on environment and economic development. It also can be used in the bioremediation of pollutants present in water and the production of feeding and energy fuel. So identification and characterization of GS promoter in E. crassipes can help to elucidate its regulation mechanism of GS expression and further to control its N metabolism. Results A 1232 bp genomic fragment upstream of EcGS1b sequence from E. crassipes (EcGS1b-P) has been cloned, analyzed and functionally characterized. TSSP-TCM software and PlantCARE analysis showed a TATA-box core element, a CAAT-box, root specific expression element, light regulation elements including chs-CMA1a, Box I, and Sp1 and other cis-acting elements in the sequence. Three 5′-deletion fragments of EcGS1b upstream sequence with 400 bp, 600 bp and 900 bp length and the 1232 bp fragment were used to drive the expression of β-glucuronidase (GUS) in tobacco. The quantitative test revealed that GUS activity decreased with the decreasing of the promoter length, which indicated that there were no negative regulated elements in the EcGS1-P. The GUS expressions of EcGS1b-P in roots were significantly higher than those in leaves and stems, indicating EcGS1b-P to be a root-preferential promoter. Real-time Quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of EcGS1b gene also showed higher expression in the roots of E.crassipes than in stems and leaves. Conclusions EcGS1b-P is a root-preferential promoter sequence. It can specifically drive the transcription of its downstream gene in root. This study will help to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of EcGS1b tissue-specific expression and further study its other regulatory mechanisms in order to utilize E.crassipes in remediation of eutrophic water and control its overgrowth from the point of nutrient metabolism.

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A PPO Promoter from Betalain-Producing Red Swiss Chard, Directs Petiole- and Root-Preferential Expression of Foreign Gene in Anthocyanins-Producing Plants

Cited by 13 publications

References 41 publications

RNA-sequencing analysis reveals betalains metabolism in the leaf of Amaranthus tricolor L.

RNA-sequencing analysis reveals betalains metabolism in the leaf of Amaranthus tricolor L.

Proteomic Analysis of Hylocereus polyrhizus Reveals Metabolic Pathway Changes

A 1232 bp upstream sequence of glutamine synthetase 1b from Eichhornia crassipes is a root-preferential promoter sequence

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