“…After conjugation with CPPs, the cellular internalization of NPs can be enhanced significantly. In particular, the peptides containing special lysine (K)-, arginine (R)-, or proline (P)-rich motifs (known as nuclear localization sequences (NLSs)) can efficiently transport NPs into the nucleus [ 133 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 ]. As early as 1999, Josephson and colleagues found that Tat peptide modified SPIOs were internalized into lymphocytes over 100-fold more efficiently than nonmodified NPs [ 138 ].…”