A possible space-based tsunami early warning system using observations of the tsunami ionospheric hole

Kamogawa, Masashi; Orihara, Yoshiaki; Tsurudome, Chiaki; Tomida, Yuto; Kanaya, Tatsuya; Ikeda, Daiki; Gusman, Aditya Riadi; Kakinami, Yoshihiro; Liu, Jann Yenq; Toyoda, Atsushi

doi:10.1038/srep37989

Cited by 42 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Astafyeva and Shults (2019) also noted that lower resolution data sampling, such as 15 or 30 s, which so far is a standard resolution for GNSS data, will, most likely, not work efficiently. Kamogawa et al (2016) suggested a method based on observations of "tsunami-ionospheric hole" as potentially useful for near real-time tsunami warnings. Kamogawa et al (2016) found a quantitative relationship between the initial tsunami height and the TEC depression rate caused by the hole from seven tsunamigenic earthquakes in Japan and Chile.…”

Section: Reviews Of Geophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Astafyeva

2019

Reviews of Geophysics

199

167

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Natural hazards (NH), such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events, generate acoustic and gravity waves that propagate upward and cause perturbations in the atmosphere and ionosphere. The first NH-related ionospheric disturbances were detected after the great 1964 Alaskan earthquake by ionosondes and Doppler sounders. Since then, many other observations confirmed the responsiveness of the ionosphere to NH. Within the last two decades, outstanding progress has been made in this area owing to the development of networks of ground-based dual-frequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers. The use of GNSS-sounding has substantially enlarged our knowledge about the solid earth/ocean/atmosphere/ionosphere coupling and NH-related ionospheric disturbances and their main features. Moreover, recent results have demonstrated that it is possible to localize NH from their ionospheric signatures and also, if/when applicable, to obtain the information about the NH source (i.e., the source location and extension and the source onset time). Although all these results were obtained in retrospective studies, they have opened an exciting possibility for future ionosphere-based detection and monitoring of NH in near-real time. This article reviews the recent developments in the area of ionospheric detection of earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, and it discusses the future perspectives for this novel discipline. Plain Language SummaryThe ionosphere is the ionized region of the Earth's atmosphere that is located between~60 and~800 km of altitude. The ionosphere is largely impacted by the solar and magnetic activities, as well as by the neutral atmosphere. Besides these large-scale and global processes influencing from above, the ionosphere can be more "locally" perturbed from below by geophysical phenomena (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and severe tropospheric weather events) and by man-made events (e.g., explosions, rocket and missile launches, and mine blasts). From below, the disturbances arrive in the ionosphere as acoustic and gravity waves. Upon their upward propagation, these waves grow in amplitude up to a million times owing to the exponential decrease of the atmospheric density with height. Consequently, the acoustic and gravity waves generated at the Earth's surface may provoke significant perturbations in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere. In the ionosphere, the perturbations can be detected by ionospheric sounding tools, such as GNSS receivers, ionosondes, and airglow cameras.

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Section: Reviews Of Geophysicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Astafyeva

2019

Reviews of Geophysics

199

167

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“…The use of ionospheric signals measured by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) (Artru et al, ; Kamogawa et al, ; Occhipinti et al, ; Rolland et al, ) has therefore been proposed in many papers as a means of completing and improving tsunami warning systems, from the early proposals of Hines () and Peltier and Hines () to a first patent proposing to extract the total electron content (TEC) from dual‐frequency satellite systems (MacDoran, ) and finally to the most recent research papers (Kamogawa et al, ; Savastano et al, ). However, none of these works have demonstrated that TEC signals could be used to reproduce the signals recorded by the DART buoys with an accuracy compliant with that required for warning systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data

et al. 2018

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Large underwater earthquakes (Mw>7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large seafloor motions, generating tsunamis that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of tsunami waves on the atmosphere generates internal gravity waves that, when they reach the upper atmosphere, produce ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by multifrequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, and, in the future, Galileo. This paper describes the first inversion of the variation in sea level derived from GPS TEC data. We used a least squares inversion through a normal‐mode summation modeling. This technique was applied to three tsunamis in far field associated to the 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2006 Kuril Islands, and 2011 Tohoku events and for Tohoku also in close field. With the exception of the Tohoku far‐field case, for which the tsunami reconstruction by the TEC inversion is less efficient due to the ionospheric noise background associated to geomagnetic storm, which occurred on the earthquake day, we show that the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the sea level variation inverted by this method can be compared to the tsunami wave height measured by a DART buoy with an error of less than 20%. This demonstrates that the inversion of TEC data with a tsunami normal‐mode summation approach is able to estimate quite accurately the amplitude and waveform of the first tsunami arrival.

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“…Najita et al () first proposed to use a network of Doppler sounders to capture Rayleigh‐surface‐wave induced ionospheric perturbations, which propagates much faster than tsunamis. Kamogawa et al () explored the possibility of use existing ground GPS receiver network to detect TEC perturbations in the epicentral zone and correlate the TEC perturbations with the initial tsunami height for several tsunamigenic earthquakes. The first concept depends on the knowledge of the earthquake‐tsunami dynamic coupling and of the tsunami generation mechanisms, which are not well understood as of today.…”

Section: Most Recent Advances and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper Atmospheric Responses to Surface Disturbances: An Observational Perspective

et al. 2019

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We review observations on the coupling between Earth's surface disturbances and the upper atmosphere. In particular, we focus on the upper atmospheric responses to atmospheric acousticgravity waves generated during impulsive surface disturbance events including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and explosions. We review the theoretical background for the generation and propagation of atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves from surface disturbance events as well as of the ionospheric plasma response to such acoustic-gravity waves. We review a variety of observational techniques that have been successfully utilized to detect upper atmospheric perturbations induced by surface disturbances and summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on the coupling processes learnt from these observations. Finally, we touch on some most recent advances in the field and propose directions for future research.Plain Language Summary Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and chemical and nuclear explosions on or under the ground create sudden and violent motions of the ground or ocean surface. While ground shakings during some massive earthquakes can be felt by people who live thousands of kilometers away from the epicenters, the shakings can also be detected from the atmosphere hundreds of kilometers above the ground (upper atmosphere). Similarly, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and explosions can have footprints in the upper atmosphere as well. These footprints have been successfully detected by a variety of observational techniques. This paper reviews the observational results and the current understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the coupling between the ground/ocean and the upper atmosphere. In addition, future research directions are proposed in order to address the open questions.

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A possible space-based tsunami early warning system using observations of the tsunami ionospheric hole

Cited by 42 publications

References 35 publications

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Ionospheric Detection of Natural Hazards

Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data

Upper Atmospheric Responses to Surface Disturbances: An Observational Perspective

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