A possible role of naïve impetus in Michotte's "launching effect": Evidence from representational momentum

Hubbard, Timothy L.; Ruppel, Susan E.

doi:10.1080/13506280143000377

Cited by 54 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…The importance of the launcher in the (mis)localization of a launched target was demonstrated by findings that the forward displacement of a launched target (1) is influenced by the velocity of the launcher and (2) decreases with increases in the distance traveled by the target after launching (Hubbard & Ruppel, 2002). Furthermore, decreases in displacement typical of a target in a launching effect display are not exhibited if the final position of the launcher and the initial position of the target are spatially separated and the gap between the launcher and the target is not bridged by a visible intermediary (Hubbard & Favretto, 2003).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, decreases in displacement typical of a target in a launching effect display are not exhibited if the final position of the launcher and the initial position of the target are spatially separated and the gap between the launcher and the target is not bridged by a visible intermediary (Hubbard & Favretto, 2003). It is not necessary for the launcher to actually move, because illusory gamma movement triggered by the sudden appearance of a stationary launcher adjacent to a target that then immediately moved away from the launcher can result in a decrease in displacement similar to that observed with a launching effect display (Hubbard, Ruppel, & Courtney, 2005).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finke, Freyd, and Shyi (1986) reported that forward displacement increased for targets undergoing acceleration and decreased for targets undergoing deceleration (see also Poljansek, 2002), even when the final velocity of the target was held constant. The effect of target velocity is one of the most robust influences on displacement in the direction of motion, although this effect is diminished (1) with increases in implied friction (Hubbard, 1995b), (2) if the target is initially stationary and its subsequent motion is attributed to contact from a moving object (Hubbard & Ruppel, 2002), (3) at very high target velocities (Munger & Owens, 2004), and (4) for continuous motion visual targets when observers cannot track the target (Kerzel et al, 2001). Similar effects of velocity have been reported for displacement in memory for auditory pitch , although the interpretation of a possible velocity effect on displacement in memory for auditory pitch is questionable, given the use of linear (rather than logarithmic) spacing of inducing stimuli and probes in those studies (see Hubbard, 1995a).…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory: A review of the findings

Hubbard

2005

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Memory for the final location of a moving target is often displaced in the direction of target motion, and this has been referred to as representational momentum. Characteristics of the target (e.g., velocity, size, direction, and identity), display (e.g., target format, retention interval, and response method), context (landmarks, expectations, and attribution of motion source), and observer (e.g., allocation of attention, eye movements, and psychopathology) that influence the direction and magnitude of displacement are reviewed. Specific conclusions regarding numerous variables that influence displacement (e.g., presence of landmarks or surrounding context), as well as broad-based conclusions regarding displacement in general (e.g., displacement does not reflect objective physical principles, may reflect aspects of naive physics, does not solely reflect eye movements, may involve some modular processing, and reflects high-level processes) are drawn. A possible computational theory of displacement is suggested in which displacement (1) helps bridge the gap between perception and action and (2) plays a critical part in localizing stimuli in the environment. DISPLACEMENT IN SPATIAL MEMORY 823Given the issues associated with the term representational momentum, Hubbard (1995c) has suggested that the broader term displacement should be used to refer to general mislocalizations in memory for the final position of a target, and the more specific term representational momentum should be used only to refer to that component of displacement that is attributed to the implied momentum of the target. The momentum of a physical object is defined as the product of that object's mass and velocity (i.e., momentum ϭ mass ϫ velocity), but neurons representing the motion of a physical object would not themselves actually be in motion (just as neurons representing a mental rotation would not themselves actually be rotating), and so mental representations would not be expected to possess physical momentum per se. In the following discussion, the term representational momentum is used to describe that component of displacement consistent with how physical momentum would influence a physical object, but such a use is necessarily more abstract and metaphorical than concrete and literal (i.e., more consistent with second-order isomorphism than with first-order isomorphism; Hubbard, in press-b). Similarly, the terms representational gravity, representational friction, and representational centripetal force abstractly and meta- 824HUBBARD phorically describe components of displacement consistent with how physical gravity, friction, and centripetal force would influence a physical object. Displacement in the Direction of Motion (Representational Momentum)The initial demonstration of a forward displacement in memory for the final position of a previously viewed moving target was provided by Freyd and Finke (1984; see panel A in Figure 1), who presented observers with computer-animated displays consisting of three concentric sequential pr...

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Section: Characteristics Of the Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of the Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of the Targetmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory: A review of the findings

Hubbard

2005

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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299

417

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“…For example, the magnitude of forward displacement is a function of both the implied velocity and acceleration (Hubbard, 1995(Hubbard, , 2005Hubbard & Bharucha, 1988) and can be impacted by semantic information, such as by implied weight (Hubbard, 1997), likely direction of motion (Reed & Vinson, 1996), context (Hubbard, 2014), causality (Hubbard & Ruppel, 2002), and cues suggesting agentive or nonagentive motion (Doerrfeld & Shiffrar, 2011; see also Wilson, Lancaster, & Emmorey, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

When anticipation beats accuracy: Threat alters memory for dynamic scenes

et al. 2015

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Threat frequently leads to the prioritization of survival-relevant processes. Much of the work examining threat-related processing advantages has focused on the detection of static threats or long-term memory for details. In the present study, we examined immediate memory for dynamic threatening situations. We presented participants with visually neutral, dynamic stimuli using a representational momentum (RM) paradigm, and manipulated threat conceptually. Although the participants in both the threatening and nonthreatening conditions produced classic RM effects, RM was stronger for scenarios involving threat (Exps. 1 and 2). Experiments 2 and 3 showed that this effect does not generalize to the nonthreatening objects within a threatening scene, and that it does not extend to arousing happy situations. Although the increased RM effect for threatening objects by definition reflects reduced accuracy, we argue that this reduced accuracy may be offset by a superior ability to predict, and thereby evade, a moving threat.

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“…The notion of impetus has been called upon to explain some findings in research on displacement in cases of object motion that is perceived as externally caused (Hubbard, Blessum, & Ruppel, 2001;Hubbard & Favretto, 2003;Hubbard & Ruppel, 2002;Kozhevnikov & Hegarty, 2001). I shall argue that this is not correct and that the findings in question can be explained in terms of the actions-on-objects theory, specifically involving the activation of stored representations that best match the available kinematic information and generate an extrapolation of the immediate future path of the object's motion.…”

Section: Displacement (Representational Momentum)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impetus theory in judgments about object motion: A new perspective

White

2012

Psychon Bull Rev

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Several tendencies found in explicit judgments about object motion have been interpreted as evidence that people possess a naive theory of impetus. The theory states that objects that are caused to move by other objects acquire force that determines the kind of motion exhibited by the object, and that this force gradually dissipates over time. I argue that the findings can better be understood as manifestations of a general understanding of externally caused motion based on experiences of acting on objects. Experiences of acting on objects yield the idea that properties of the cause of motion are transmitted to the effect object. This idea functions as a heuristic for explicit predictions of object motion under conditions of uncertainty. This accounts not only for the findings taken as evidence for the impetus theory, but also for several findings that fall outside the scope of the impetus theory. It has also been claimed that judgments about the location at which a moving object disappeared are influenced by the impetus theory. I argue that these judgments are better explained in a different way, as best-guess extrapolations made by the visual system as a practical guide to interactions with the object, such as interception.

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A possible role of naïve impetus in Michotte's "launching effect": Evidence from representational momentum

Cited by 54 publications

References 21 publications

Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory: A review of the findings

Representational momentum and related displacements in spatial memory: A review of the findings

When anticipation beats accuracy: Threat alters memory for dynamic scenes

The impetus theory in judgments about object motion: A new perspective

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