A Possible Interpretation of the New Event in the Cosmic Ray Experiment

Hayashi, Takemi; Kawai, Ei-ichiro; Matsuda, Masahisa; Ogawa, S.; Shige-eda, Shinsei

doi:10.1143/ptp.47.280

Cited by 29 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Niu and collaborators already had candidates for charm in emulsion as early as 1971 [29]. These results, taken seriously by theorists in Japan [30,31], will be mentioned again presently. Meanwhile, in the West, theorists besides GIM began to urge their experimental colleagues to find charm.…”

Section: Exhortationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

The arrival of charm

Rosner¹

1999

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Some of the theoretical motivations and experimental developments leading to the discovery of charm are recalled. II ELECTROWEAK UNIFICATIONThe Fermi theory of beta decay [2] involved a pointlike interaction (for example, in the decay n → pe −ν e of the neutron). This feature was eventually recognized as a serious barrier to its use in higher orders of perturbation theory. By contrast, quantum electrodynamics (QED), involving photon exchange, was successfully used for a number of higher-order calculations, particularly following its renormalization by Feynman, Schwinger, Tomonaga, and Dyson [3].Attempts to describe the weak interactions in terms of particle exchange date back to Yukawa [4]. A theory of weak interactions involving exchange of charged spin-1 bosons was written down by Oskar Klein in 1938 [5], to some extent anticipating that of Yang and Mills [6] describing self-interacting gauge particles.Once the V − A theory of the weak interactions had been established in 1957 [7], descriptions involving exchange of charged vector bosons were proposed [8]. These tried to unify charged vector bosons (eventually called W ± ) with the photon (γ) within a single SU(2) gauge symmetry. However, the (massless) photon couples to a vector current, while the (massive) W 's couple to a V − A current. The SU(2) symmetry was inadequate to discuss this difference. Its extension by Glashow in 1961 [9] to an SU(2) × U(1) permitted the simultaneous description of electromagnetic and charge-changing weak interactions at the price of introducing a new neutral massive gauge boson (now called the Z 0 ) which coupled to a specific mixture of V and A currents for each quark and lepton.The Glashow theory left unanswered the mechanism by which the W ± and Z were to acquire their masses. This was provided by Weinberg [10] and Salam [11] through the Higgs mechanism [12], whereby the SU(2) × U(1) was broken spontaneously to the U(1) of electromagnetism. Proofs of the renormalizability of this theory, due in the early 1970's to G. 't Hooft, M. Veltman, B. W. Lee, and J. Zinn-Justin [13], led to intense interest in its predictions, including the existence of charge-preserving weak interactions due to exchange of the hypothetical Z 0 boson. By 1973, a review by E. Abers and B. W. Lee [14] already was available as a guide to searches for neutral weak currents and other phenomena predicted by the new theory.

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Section: Exhortationsmentioning

confidence: 79%

The arrival of charm

Rosner¹

1999

AIP Conference Proceedings

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“…By that time, the Sakata model had already been replaced by the quark model, so that what he meant was that those new particles might be charmed particles, in the current terminology. Following this suggestion, several Japanese groups, including mine, began to investigate the four-quark model [12]. At that time, I was a graduate student at Nagoya University.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CP violation and flavour mixing

Kobayashi¹

2009

Usp. Fiz. Nauk

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“…Following this suggestion, several Japanese groups, including myself, began to investigate the four quark model. 12) At that time, I was a graduate student of Nagoya University.…”

Section: §1 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CP Violation and Flavor Mixing

Kobayashi

2009

Progress of Theoretical Physics

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This is the text of the Nobel Lecture delivered on December 8, 2008, at Aula Magna, Stockholm University. §1. IntroductionWe know that ordinary matter is made of atoms. An atom consists of the atomic nucleus and the electrons. The atomic nucleus is made of a number of the protons and the neutrons. The proton and the neutron are further made of two kinds of quarks, u and d. Therefore the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter are the electron and two kinds of quarks, u and d.The standard model, which gives comprehensive description of current understanding of the elementary particle phenomena, however, tells us that the number of species of quarks is six. The additional quarks are called s, c, b and t. The reason why we do not find them in the ordinary matter is that they are unstable in the usual environment. Similarly, the electron belongs to a family of six members called leptons. Three types of the neutrinos are included among these six.Another important ingredient of the standard model is the fundamental interac-Fig. 1. The standard model.)

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A Possible Interpretation of the New Event in the Cosmic Ray Experiment

Cited by 29 publications

References 1 publication

The arrival of charm

The arrival of charm

CP violation and flavour mixing

CP Violation and Flavor Mixing

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