A Possible Cosmological Application of Some Thermodynamic Properties of the Black Body Radiation in n-Dimensional Euclidean Spaces

González-Ayala, Julián; Pérez-Oregon, Jennifer; Cordero, Rubén; Angulo‐Brown, F.

doi:10.3390/e17074563

Cited by 8 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…We will show that the efficiency for a blackbody radiation cycle is calculated by the same formula as that for an ideal gas in a Carnot cycle, i.e., e CARNOT = (1 -TC/ TH). This result has been confirmed independently in another and earlier work [15] , in the context of defining thermodynamic variables for a blackbody in n-spatial dimensions. We also give the total work done which will drive the expansion/contraction process over a complete cycle, W = |QH| -|QC|, which also confirms a previous result [16] .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Modeling Cosmic Expansion, and Possible Inflation, as a Thermodynamic Heat Engine

Pilot

2018

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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If we assume a closed universe with slight positive curvature, cosmic expansion can modeled as a heat engine where we define the "system", collectively, as those regions of space within the observable universe, which will later evolve into voids/ empty space. We identify the "surroundings", collectively, as those pockets of space, which will eventually develop into matter-filled galaxies, clusters, super-clusters and filament walls. Using this model, we can find the energy needed for cosmic expansion using basic thermodynamic principles, and prove that cosmic expansion had as its origin, a finite initial energy density, pressure, volume, and temperature. Inflation in the traditional sense, with the inflaton field, may also not be required. We will argue that homogeneities and in-homogeneities in the WMAP temperature profile is attributable to quantum mechanical fluctuations about a fixed background temperature in the initial isothermal expansion phase. Fluctuations in temperature can cause certain regions of space to lose heat. Other regions will absorb that heat. The voids are those regions which absorb the heat forcing, i.e., fueling expansion of the latter and creating slightly cooler temperatures in the former, where matter will later congregate. Upon freeze-out, this could produce the observed WMAP signature with its associated CBR fluctuation in magnitude. Finally, we estimate that the freeze-out temperature and the freeze-out time for WMAP in-homogeneities, occurred at roughly 3.02 * 10 27 K and 2.54 * 10 -35 s, respectively, after first initiation of volume expansion. This is in line with current estimates for the end of the inflationary epoch. The heat input in the inflationary phase is estimated to be Q = 1.81 * 10 94 J, and the void volume increases by a factor of only 5.65. The bubble voids in the observable universe increase, collectively, in size from about .046 m 3 to .262 m 3 within this inflationary period.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Coming back to our Carnot cycle, in going from point b to point c, we expect pb Vb 4/3 = pc Vc 4/3 (adiabatic process) (15) And also, pb/p0 = (a0/ab) 4 = (1+Zb) 4 (adiabatic process) (16)…”

Section: Thermodynamics Of the Early Universementioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Cosmic Expansion, and Possible Inflation, as a Thermodynamic Heat Engine

Pilot

2018

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung A

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“…In a previous work [4] we showed that the thermodynamic potential densities have regions of minima and maxima when we consider isothermal processes. In Figure 1 the critical points of u (n, T ), f (n, T ) and s (n, T ) with respect to the dimension n (∂ n u, f, s = 0) are shown.…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…The rest of the potential densities s, f , and also the internal energy density u are functions depending on the absolute temperature T and the dimensionality n. When all these functions were plotted against T and n they seemingly did not show any interesting feature [4]. However, when a zoom was made in the region of very high temperatures (of the order of Planck's temperature T P ) and low dimensionality (in the interval nǫ(1, 10)), a very surprising behavior was observed [4]. On the other hand, it is well established that at early times, long before the time of radiation-matter equality, the universe could have been well described by a spatially flat, radiation-only model [5].…”

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confidence: 98%

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Is the (3 + 1)-d nature of the universe a thermodynamic necessity?

González-Ayala

Cordero

Angulo‐Brown

2016

EPL

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It is well established that at early times, long before the time of radiation-matter equality, the universe could have been well described by a spatially flat, radiation only model. In this letter we consider the whole primeval universe as a black body radiation (BBR) system in an n−dimensional Euclidean space. We propose that the (3 + 1) − d nature of the universe could be the result of a kind of thermodynamic selection principle stemming from the second law of thermodynamics. In regard the three spatial dimensions we suggest that they were chosen by means of the minimization of the Helmholtz free energy per hypervolume unit, while the time dimension, as it is well known was the result of the principle of increment of entropy for closed systems; that is, the so-called arrow of time.

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In an Eggshell: Baryonic Black Hole Universe with CMB Cycle for Gravity and Λ

Edwards

2024

Preprint

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A persistent idea in cosmology is that the universe originated and then continued to evolve as a black hole. While the notion of a black hole universe has generally been framed within the standard cosmological model, the latter has had numerous problems related to dark matter, dark energy and other issues. To avoid such problems an alternative is proposed which omits cosmic expansion, dark matter and dark energy. The observable universe is cast instead as primarily a thin spherical shell of cold (~29 K) baryonic matter situated near the Hubble radius. This shell of plasma holds 95% of the observable universe’s mass, the remaining 5% existing in the interior galaxies and gas clouds. A key premise of the model is that spacetime is fundamentally photonic in nature. This allows photon energy to be transferred to spacetime in the Hubble redshift and to be transferred back to photons in a novel blueshift. These exchanges together drive a cosmic energy cycle for gravity and the cosmological constant, Λ. Photons of the cosmic microwave background originating in the plasma shell lose energy to ‘cooler’ regions of spacetime in interior zones via the Hubble redshift. This gives rise to gravity through the optical gravity approach. The depleted photons moving back towards the shell are then reenergized in ‘hotter’ spacetime regions via the Hubble blueshift. These photons eventually exert outward pressures on the shell which perfectly balance the inward forces of gravity, in this manner functioning as Einstein’s cosmological constant. The observable universe behaves as a closed system in thermodynamic equilibrium with constant energy and entropy and indeterminate age. Black holes are suggested to have analogous plasma shell structures and gravity/Λ cycles.

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A Possible Cosmological Application of Some Thermodynamic Properties of the Black Body Radiation in n-Dimensional Euclidean Spaces

Cited by 8 publications

References 47 publications

Modeling Cosmic Expansion, and Possible Inflation, as a Thermodynamic Heat Engine

Modeling Cosmic Expansion, and Possible Inflation, as a Thermodynamic Heat Engine

Is the (3 + 1)-d nature of the universe a thermodynamic necessity?

In an Eggshell: Baryonic Black Hole Universe with CMB Cycle for Gravity and Λ

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