A porous trimetallic Au@Pd@Ru nanoparticle system: synthesis, characterisation and efficient dye degradation and removal

Abstract

A facile room temperature one-pot synthesis of trimetallic porous Au@Pd@Ru nanoparticles (Au@Pd@RuNPs) has been developed. The trimetallic nanoparticles have been prepared by the successive sacrificial oxidation of cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs). The average particle size of Au@Pd@RuNPs is 110 nm. The porous nature and the presence of Au, Pd and Ru have been confirmed via TEM, FE-SEM and EDS analyses. The trimetallic nanoparticles have shown excellent catalytic activity towards the reduction of p-nitrophenol and efficient degradation of various azo dyes. This has been further extended towards the removal of colour from waste water via the catalytic degradation of azo dyes. Moreover, the produced amine can be eliminated from the waste water via its sorption on an industrial solid waste dolochar.

A magnetically separable and recyclable g-C3N4/Fe3O4/porous ruthenium nanocatalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of water-soluble aromatic amines and azo dyes

“…Porous ruthenium was deposited on g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 3 O 4 NP by the galvanic displacement of the in situ-formed CoNPs to yield the g-C 3 N 4 / Fe 3 O 4 /p-RuNP nanocomposite. 5,13 A schematic representation of the synthesis of the g-C 3 N 4 /Fe 3 O 4 /p-RuNP nanocomposite is shown in Scheme 1.…”

“…Azo dyes constitute more than 50% of the dyestuffs used for commercial purposes. 5,[8][9][10][11][12][13] Thus, it is essential to eliminate them from water bodies to avoid the environmental problems associated with them.…”

“…7,8,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Meanwhile, processes, such as catalytic degradation, precipitation and sedimentation, have been used for the removal of azo-based dyes. 5,13,16,19,[21][22][23][24][25][26] All these methods suffer from drawbacks, such as the use of harmful chemicals, generation of a large volume of sludge, high cost and poor efficiency (Table TS1 †). This necessitates an improved method, which can address the aforesaid issues and achieve degradation in a greener way.…”

“…57,58 Recently, we have demonstrated that the trimetallic porous Au@Pd@RuNP and porous Si@p-RuNP systems exhibit excellent catalytic reactivity towards azo bond reduction. 5,13 In addition, the porous Si@p-RuNP system demonstrated very good separation efficiency for water-soluble aromatic amines by oxidizing them to form polyamines. In both cases, external chemicals were used, and the separation of catalysts was not accomplished easily.…”

Green synthesis of multi-metallic nanocubes

“…Although the heterometallic core-shell type nanoparticles oen display improved or new properties as compared to their monometallic counterparts. 24,25 Moreover, bio-conjugated metal nanoparticles are known to exhibit improved pharmacological activities (antibacterial and anticancer activity and induction of angiogenesis) as compared to the individual counterpart. 23,24,26,27 Thus, green synthesised multimetallic nanoparticles using medicinal plant extract of denite physiological activity are anticipated to exhibit increased/new medicinal properties.…”