A Polyphenolic Extract from Olive Mill Wastewaters Encapsulated in Whey Protein and Maltodextrin Exerts Antioxidant Activity in Endothelial Cells

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to compare maltodextrin and whey protein as encapsulation carriers for olive mill wastewater (OMWW) phenolic extract for producing antioxidant powder, by using spray drying under 17 different conditions. In some samples, gelatin was also added in the encapsulation mixture. The antioxidant activity was assessed in vitro by using the DPPH•, ABTS•+, reducing power and DNA plasmid strand breakage assays. The results showed that both materials were equally effective for producing antioxidant powder, although by using different conditions. For example, inlet/outlet temperature of the spray drying did not seem to affect the maltodextrin samples’ antioxidant activity, but whey protein samples showed better antioxidant activity at lower temperatures. Gelatin use decreased antioxidant activity, especially in whey protein samples. The two most potent samples, one encapsulated in maltodextrin and the other in whey protein, were examined for their antioxidant effects in human endothelial cells by assessing glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Both samples significantly enhanced the antioxidant molecule of GSH, while maltodextrin sample also decreased ROS. The present findings suggested both materials for encapsulation of OMWW extract for producing antioxidant powder which may be used in food products, especially for the protection from ROS-induced endothelium pathologies.

Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenolic Plant Extracts

“…Specifically, inlet/outlet temperature did not seem to affect maltodextrin samples' antioxidant activity, but whey protein samples showed better antioxidant activity at lower temperatures (within the temperature range used; 100-160 • C) [17]. In addition, the encapsulated OMWW extract exerted protection from DNA damage induced by ROS [17]. Furthermore, an OMWW extract (encapsulated or not) has been reported for the first time to increase antioxidant mechanisms such as glutathione levels in endothelial cells suggesting their possible use for protection from oxidative stress-induced pathologies associated with the cardiovascular system [17].…”

“…The results demonstrated that both tested carriers were effective for the production of antioxidant powder using encapsulation by spray drying, although in different conditions. Specifically, inlet/outlet temperature did not seem to affect maltodextrin samples' antioxidant activity, but whey protein samples showed better antioxidant activity at lower temperatures (within the temperature range used; 100-160 • C) [17]. In addition, the encapsulated OMWW extract exerted protection from DNA damage induced by ROS [17].…”

“…In order to increase polyphenols' bioavailability, their encapsulation in different organic carriers has been suggested [16]. Thus, my research group conducted a study to find out the optimal conditions for the encapsulation of a polyphenolic extract from OMWW in maltodextrin and whey protein [17].…”

“…In addition, the encapsulated OMWW extract exerted protection from DNA damage induced by ROS [17]. Furthermore, an OMWW extract (encapsulated or not) has been reported for the first time to increase antioxidant mechanisms such as glutathione levels in endothelial cells suggesting their possible use for protection from oxidative stress-induced pathologies associated with the cardiovascular system [17]. We also demonstrated in another study that polyphenolic extract from Rosa canina fruit possessed strong free radical scavenging activity, inhibited ROS-induced DNA damage and improved redox status in human endothelial cells by reducing ROS and increasing GSH levels [18].…”

An Extract of Olive Mill Wastewater Downregulates Growth, Adhesion and Invasion Pathways in Lung Cancer Cells: Involvement of CXCR4

“…Hydroxytyrosol (HT) represents the most abundant polyphenol present in olive oil and its beneficial properties, including anti-oxidant [7], anti-apoptotic [8], anti-tumor [3,[9][10][11][12], and anti-inflammatory activities [18], have been largely demonstrated in several in vitro and in vivo studies. Olive oil production generates large volumes of waste material, whose management strongly impacts on production costs and represents a relevant source of environmental pollutants [13,14].…”