A Point‐of‐Care Sensing Platform for Multiplexed Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease Biomarkers Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the most serious non‐communicable diseases affecting the population. In the early‐stages patients have no obvious symptoms, until it becomes life‐threatening leading end‐stage kidney failure. Therefore, it is important to early diagnose CKD to allow therapeutic interventions and progression monitoring. Here, a point‐of‐care (POC) sensing platform is reported for the simultaneous detection of three CKD biomarkers, namely creatinine, urea, and human serum albumin (HSA), using reduced graphene oxide/polydopamine‐molecularly imprinted polymer (rGO/PDA‐MIP) fabricated with novel surface‐molecularly imprinting technology. A multi‐channel electrochemical POC readout system with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) function is developed, allowing the simultaneous detection of the three biomarkers, in combination with the surface‐MIP electrodes. This sensing platform achieves the record low limit‐of‐detection (LoD) at a femtomolar level for all three analytes, with wide detection ranges covering their physiological concentrations. Clinical validation is performed by measuring these analytes in serum and urine from healthy controls and patients with CKD. The average recovery rate is 81.8–119.1% compared to the results obtained from the hospital, while this platform is more cost‐effective, user‐friendly, and requires less sample‐to‐result time, showing the potential to be deployed in resource‐limited settings for the early diagnosis and tracking progression of CKD.

A paper-based dual functional biosensor for safe and user-friendly point-of-care urine analysis

“…The selectivity of our paper-based glucose sensor was studied by detecting glucose and a number of commonly found interferents in urine, namely glycine, urea, sarcosine, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, and ascorbic acid, 53,54 as shown in Fig. 4(d).…”

Ultrasensitive colorimetric detection of creatinine via its dual binding affinity for silver nanoparticles and silver ions

“…The blood creatinine level has been widely used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of renal diseases. 2,3 However, blood sampling processes cause pain and discomfort, and the high precision analysis of creatinine relies on complicated equipment and skilled personnel, which make it challenging in resource-limited settings. 4 Saliva is easy to acquire and store.…”