A plea of those who are affected most by HIV: The utterances by women who inject Nyaope residing in the City of Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng

Lefoka, Moganki H.; Netangaheni, Thinavhuyo R.

doi:10.4102/phcfm.v13i1.2416

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A potential additional contributor to anxiety may be the stigma associated with nyaope use, which has been reported by both the nyaope users and their families (Bala & Kang’ethe 2021 ; Lefoka & Netangaheni 2021 ), and real or perceived stigma has been linked to poorer mental health (Birtel, Wood & Kempa 2016 ). On the contrary, social support has been reported to be associated with greater mental health status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and severity of anxiety symptoms among family members of nyaope users in Tshwane, South Africa

Mokwena,

Madiga

2023

Health SA Gesondheid

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Background: Nyaope is a strongly addictive novel psychoactive substance that is commonly used in predominantly black townships in South Africa. The undesired behaviours of the users result in family members developing mental health challenges. Nyaope users often commit petty crimes, including stealing from families and neighbours.Aim: The aim of this study was to quantify anxiety symptoms among family members of nyaope users in Tshwane, South Africa.Setting: Data were collected from nine townships within Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality.Methods: The quantitative cross-sectional survey used the General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) tool to quantify anxiety symptoms, and a questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data from a sample of 390 participants.Results: The ages of the participants ranged from 18 years to 87 years, with a mean of 47 years. The mothers to the nyaope users were the biggest group at 35% (n = 138). The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 73% (n = 286) of the total sample and ranged from mild (41.8, n = 163), moderate (14.62, n = 57) and severe (16.92%, n = 66). The Pearson chi-square test identified significant associations between anxiety symptoms and the gender of the participant (p = 0.001), the age of the nyaope user and the period of nyaope use (p = 0.008). Multivariate regression model indicated gender and place of residence as a significant variable in the development of anxiety symptoms (p = 0.01).Conclusion: Nyaope use is a risk factor for the development of anxiety for family members of nyaope users with the highest proportion reporting mild symptoms.Contribution: There is a need to develop interventions for mental health support for families of nyaope users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and severity of anxiety symptoms among family members of nyaope users in Tshwane, South Africa

Mokwena,

Madiga

2023

Health SA Gesondheid

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“…Although antiretroviral medication has been mentioned, current evidence indicates that the cutting agents include cannabis products, milk powder, rat poison, bicarbonate of soda and pool cleaner. 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 Nyaope is rolled with marijuana or tobacco and smoked or injected, usually in rudimentary and unsanitary conditions. In addition, some users inject themselves with blood from another user who is ‘high’ after receiving a Nyaope injection (a so-called ‘bluetooth’ drug).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the perspectives of community members on use of Nyaope in Tshwane, South Africa

Nzaumvila,

Mash,

Helliwell

2023

South African Family Practice

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Background Substance use is a major public health issue in South Africa. Cocktails, containing two or more low-quality substances, have been reported. Nyaope is one of the most popular and is widely available. It has a significant impact on users and communities. The aim of this study was to explore community members’ perceptions of the potential contributors to Nyaope use and dependency. Methods This was an exploratory descriptive qualitative study that conducted three focus group interviews with 29 community members. A maximum variation sample was used. Data were analysed using the framework method, assisted by Atlas-ti. Results Seven main themes were identified, namely unfavourable home environments, distrust between community members and the local police, easy access to Nyaope at school, inadequate social services, lack of religious or spiritual drive, unfavourable community environments and the effects of Nyaope on users. Conclusion The factors identified, were used to construct an emerging model of how Nyaope use is driven in Tshwane. It is clear that a multisectoral response is required involving health and social services, basic education, policing and community leadership. Further research will explore the views of family members and users and quantify the importance of the factors identified. Contribution This study showed that rather than a simple linear chain of events, Nyaope use is enabled by a complex system of interconnected elements. According to the respondents, variables in the community at large, the school, the home and the specific user all have a role in Nyaope usage and dependency.

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“…A steady increase in the consumption of several drugs has caught SA off guard, with nyaope leading the way (Bala & Kang’ethe 2021 ). Despite the rise in the prevalence of nyaope through smoking and injections in SA, the South African government has not fully embraced the harm reduction approach as one of the frameworks for addressing the public health concerns that are unavoidably associated with the use of nyaope (Lefoka & Netangaheni 2021 ). Almost all of SA’s SUD treatment funding goes to abstinence-based programmes (Scheibe et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nyaope is a trendy new drug popular in SA’s townships. Nyaope’s full composition is unknown, despite the fact that most researchers agree that heroin is the primary ingredient, with rumours of antiretroviral medication being documented (Lefoka & Netanghaheni 2021 ). It is reported that when users attempt to stop using nyaope on their own, they experience severe withdrawal symptoms such as severe unbearable abdominal cramps (Khine & Mokwena 2016 ; Meel & Essop 2018 ; Mthembi, Mwenesongole & Cole 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It requires a varied approach; it presents unique challenges for police and other law enforcement agencies; SUD should be addressed to assist people who use drugs (PWUDs) rather than arresting and prosecuting them, thus requiring an integrative approach to address nyaope challenges in communities (Dintwe 2017 ). Users’ challenges, coping resources, experience, risks, needs and hopes cannot be addressed without involving them in the process (Lefoka & Netangaheni 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors associated with smoking and transitioning to nyaope injection amongst women in the City of Tshwane Municipality: A self-report by women

Lefoka

Netangaheni

2022

Health SA Gesondheid

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Background: Substance use disorder has emerged as a key health and social challenge in South Africa (SA). It is projected that about 15% of South African youth, especially young women are prone to engage in drug use and the prospects of coming into contact with nyaope, a highly addictive drug, are higher. Nyaope is mainly smoked, but the prevalence of injecting it is increasing in most regions.Aim: This study aimed to explore and describe the perception of women, who use nyaope, about the factors contributing to nyaope smoking and transitioning to injecting nyaope amongst women in the City of Tshwane Municipality (CoT), Gauteng.Setting: The research was conducted within Community Oriented Substance Use Programme sites across the CoT Municipality.Methods: Qualitative research methods were utilised to explore and describe the perceptions of the participants on factors contributing to the use of nyaope amongst women residing in the CoT. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and thematically analysed.Results: Intimate partner influence (IPI), peer pressure, being misled by friends, weight loss, lack of effective coping mechanisms and counteracting other drugs contributed to women smoking nyaope. Additionally, a need for an intense high, IPI, influence by the social network, curiosity and cost-effectiveness contributed to women transitioning from smoking to injecting nyaope.Conclusion: The study has established factors contributing to smoking and transition to injecting nyaope as viewed by women residing in the CoT.Contribution: This research affirms that women are influenced by different factors to use and transition to injecting Nyaope.

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A plea of those who are affected most by HIV: The utterances by women who inject Nyaope residing in the City of Tshwane Municipality, Gauteng

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence and severity of anxiety symptoms among family members of nyaope users in Tshwane, South Africa

Prevalence and severity of anxiety symptoms among family members of nyaope users in Tshwane, South Africa

Exploring the perspectives of community members on use of Nyaope in Tshwane, South Africa

Factors associated with smoking and transitioning to nyaope injection amongst women in the City of Tshwane Municipality: A self-report by women

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