A Plant-Based Meal Increases Gastrointestinal Hormones and Satiety More Than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Processed-Meat Meal in T2D, Obese, and Healthy Men: A Three-Group Randomized Crossover Study

Abstract

Gastrointestinal hormones are involved in regulation of glucose metabolism and satiety. We tested the acute effect of meal composition on these hormones in three population groups. A randomized crossover design was used to examine the effects of two energy- and macronutrient-matched meals: a processed-meat and cheese (M-meal) and a vegan meal with tofu (V-meal) on gastrointestinal hormones, and satiety in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 20), obese men (O, n = 20), and healthy men (H, n = 20). Plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, and peptide YY (PYY) were determined at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min. Visual analogue scale was used to assess satiety. We used repeated-measures Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for statistical analysis. Postprandial secretion of GLP-1 increased after the V-meal in T2D (by 30.5%; 95%CI 21.2 to 40.7%; p < 0.001) and H (by 15.8%; 95%CI 8.6 to 23.5%; p = 0.01). Postprandial plasma concentrations of amylin increased in in all groups after the V-meal: by 15.7% in T2D (95%CI 11.8 to 19.6%; p < 0.001); by 11.5% in O (95%CI 7.8 to 15.3%; p = 0.03); and by 13.8% in H (95%CI 8.4 to 19.5%; p < 0.001). An increase in postprandial values of PYY after the V-meal was significant only in H (by 18.9%; 95%CI 7.5 to 31.3%; p = 0.03). Satiety was greater in all participants after the V-meal: by 9% in T2D (95%CI 4.4 to 13.6%; p = 0.004); by 18.7% in O (95%CI 12.8 to 24.6%; p < 0.001); and by 25% in H (95%CI 18.2 to 31.7%; p < 0.001). Our results indicate there is an increase in gut hormones and satiety, following consumption of a single plant-based meal with tofu when compared with an energy- and macronutrient-matched processed-meat meat and cheese meal, in healthy, obese and diabetic men.

Vegan Diet Health Benefits in Metabolic Syndrome

“…In this regard, subjects who follow a PBD tend to show lower LDL-C values than omnivores [ 187 , 188 ]. In a three-group randomized crossover study performed in 60 subjects that followed a PBD, this dietary model increased postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, as well as promoting satiety, compared to diets with processed meat and cheese, both in healthy, obese, and diabetic men [ 189 ]. Thus, these properties could have practical implications for the management of hypertriglyceridemia in some metabolic conditions.…”

Protein, amino acids and obesity treatment

“…Mechanistically, an explanation might come from differences in gastrointestinal hormone secretion and satiety sensations depending on the protein’s source. In a 60 male adult patient intervention, with a type II diabetes group, a BMI and age-matched group and an age-matched, healthy group, giving two test burgers containing tofu or meat and cheese at a one-week interval, in random order, led to higher satiety feeling, post prandial GLP1 and amylin levels in the group that took tofu [ 40 ]. Since GLP1 and amylin are hormones involved in the pathway inducing satiety, this might partially explain the effect of vegetable proteins on body weight.…”

A Plant-Based Meal Reduces Postprandial Oxidative and Dicarbonyl Stress in Men with Diabetes or Obesity more than an Energy- and Macronutrient-Matched Conventional Meal in a Randomized Crossover Study

“…In a previous clinical interventional study, a vegetarian diet led to greater weight loss and improved glycaemic control, insulin resistance and oxidative stress markers compared to a conventional hypocaloric diet [11]. Furthermore, our previous randomised crossover study reported that a plant-based meal increased postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal hormones more effectively than a proceseed meat meal in obese and T2D men [12]. Another study found improvements in postprandial incretin and insulin secretion after a plant-based meal in T2D patients, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this type of diet in improving b-cell function [13].…”