"A Place on the Ballot": Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws

Delegating Direct Democracy: Interparty Legislative Competition and the Adoption of the Initiative in the American States

“…Historians have documented how third parties at the turn of the twentieth century were instrumental in a range of reforms besides direct democracy (Argersinger 1980;Ware 2002). Historians have documented how third parties at the turn of the twentieth century were instrumental in a range of reforms besides direct democracy (Argersinger 1980;Ware 2002).…”

Stability and Coordination in Duverger's Law: A Formal Model of Preelection Polls and Strategic Voting

“…Examples are elections in the Midwest and West during the late-nineteenth century(Argersinger 1980) and contemporary New York(Cox 1987).3 In U.S. presidential elections, the Electoral College has this effect. With this latter meaning, fusion is offered as an exception to Duverger's Law in which multiple parties persist in plurality-rule districts.…”

Fusion Ballots and the Question of Organisational Type

“…Part of the reason for this is because the fusion system in New York developed differently than fusion in other US states, where the practice was common until government-controlled ballots and anti-fusion laws became commonplace between 1890 and 1920 (Argersinger 1980;Scarrow 1986). New York had passed an anti-fusion statute, but it was overturned in a court decision in 1911; fusion then rose to prominence once more when Fiorello LaGuardia received multiple party nominations in his victorious campaign for mayor of New York City in 1933 (Scarrow 1986).…”

“…However, this was a different electoral era than exists today; political parties printed and distributed ballots, which advantaged third parties. Though the findings to be presented could speak to this time period, the drastically different system makes comparisons hard (see Argersinger 1980;Schraufnagel and Milita 2010).…”