A pilot study of common health problems in smallholder pigs in Angónia and Boane districts, Mozambique

Matos, C. De; Sitoe, C.; Afonso, Sónia; Banze, Jeef Paul Munkemena; Baptista, Jorge; Dias, Giovana da Rocha Leal; Rodrigues, Fernando; Atanasio, A.; Nhamusso, Antonieta E.; Penrith, Mary‐Louise; Willingham, Arve Lee

doi:10.4102/jsava.v82i3.55

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The combination of serology and a questionnaire provided a good indication that ASFV was circulating in the area a few months before blood samples were collected, as >40% of ASFV sero‐positive animals had been exposed to an ASFV outbreak <3 months prior to sampling. The overall sero‐prevalence of ASFV (9.1%) observed in domestic pigs in the GD was slightly lower compared to the results obtained in the Angónia district (14.3%) of Mozambique (Penrith et al., ; Matos et al., ) and significantly lower when compared with the serological data of a survey carried out in the Mchinje district (48%) of Malawi (Haresnape et al., ). African swine fever is endemic in both these areas, and regular outbreaks of the disease occur, often characterized by lower‐than‐usual mortality rates in adult domestic pigs (Haresnape and Wilkinson, ; Penrith et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Investigation into the Epidemiology of African Swine Fever Virus at the Wildlife - Domestic Interface of the Gorongosa National Park, Central Mozambique

Quembo

Jori

Heath

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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SummaryAn epidemiological study of African swine fever (ASF) was conducted between March 2006 and September 2007 in a rural area adjacent to the Gorongosa National park (GNP) located in the Central Mozambique. Domestic pigs and warthogs were sampled to determine the prevalence of antibodies against ASF virus and the salivary antigens of Ornithodoros spp. ticks, while ticks collected from pig pens were tested for the presence of ASFV. In addition, 310 framers were interviewed to gain a better understanding of the pig value chain and potential practices that could impact on the spread of the virus. The sero-prevalence to ASFV was 12.6% on farms and 9.1% in pigs, while it reached 75% in warthogs. Approximately 33% of pigs and 78% of warthogs showed antibodies against salivary antigens of ticks. The differences in sero-prevalence between farms close to the GNP, where there is greater chance for the sylvatic cycle to cause outbreaks, and farms located in the rest of the district, where pig to pig transmission is more likely to occur, were marginally significant. Ornithodoros spp. ticks were found in only 2 of 20 pig pens outside the GNP, and both pens had ticks testing positive for ASFV DNA. Interviews carried out among farmers indicated that biosecurity measures were mostly absent. Herd sizes were small with pigs kept in a free-ranging husbandry system (65%). Only 1.6% of farmers slaughtered on their premises, but 51% acknowledged allowing visitors into their farms to purchase pigs. ASF outbreaks seemed to have a severe economic impact with nearly 36% of farmers ceasing pig farming for at least 1 year after a suspected ASF outbreak. This study provides the first evidence of the existence of a sylvatic cycle in Mozambique and confirms the presence of a permanent source of virus for the domestic pig value chain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Investigation into the Epidemiology of African Swine Fever Virus at the Wildlife - Domestic Interface of the Gorongosa National Park, Central Mozambique

Quembo

Jori

Heath

et al. 2014

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Since then, sporadic outbreaks have been more frequently described in endemic areas, where there is a high density of small‐scale farmers implementing limited biosecurity measures linked with important trade movements of live pigs (Penrith et al., ). In certain areas, the virus is suspected to circulate primarily within a domestic pig‐to‐pig cycle, in which the involvement of ticks could be potentially important but was never confirmed (Matos et al., ; Penrith et al., ). Due to the high number of pigs (estimated in 1.3 million) kept by small‐scale farmers and the large diversity of ASF strains maintained in the sylvatic cycle, Mozambique seems to act as an important reservoir of ASFV for other countries in the region and beyond.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characterization of African swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in Mozambique and identification of a novel genotype

Quembo

Jori

Vosloo

et al. 2017

Transbound Emerg Dis

238

212

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SummaryAfrican swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most threatening infectious diseases of pigs. There are not sufficient data to indicate the importance of the sylvatic cycle in the spread and maintenance of the disease locally and potentially, globally. To assess the capacity to maintain ASF in the environment, we investigated the presence of soft tickreservoirs of ASFV in Gorongosa National Park (GNP) and its surrounding villages. A total of 1,658 soft ticks were recovered from warthog burrows and pig pens at the wildlife/livestock interface of the GNP and viral DNA was confirmed by nested PCR in 19% of Ornithodoros porcinus porcinus and 15% of O. p. domesticus. However, isolation of ASFV was only achieved in approximately 50% of the PCR‐positive samples with nineteen haemadsorbing virus isolates recovered. These were genotyped using a combination of partial sequencing of the B646L gene (p72) and analysis of the central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene. Eleven isolates were classified as belonging to genotype II and homologous to contemporary isolates from southern Africa, the Indian Ocean and eastern Europe. Three isolates grouped within genotype V and were similar to previous isolates from Mozambique and Malawi. The remaining five isolates constituted a new, previously unidentified genotype, designated genotype XXIV. This work confirms for the first time that the virus currently circulating in eastern Europe is likely to have a wildlife origin, and that the large diversity of ASFV maintained in wildlife areas can act as a permanent sources of different strains for the domestic pig value chain in Mozambique and beyond its boundaries. Their genetic similarity to ASFV strains currently spreading across Europe justifies the need to continue studying the sylvatic cycle in this African country and other parts of southern Africa in order to identify potential hot spots of ASF emergence and target surveillance and control efforts.

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“…However, an IR of 190 cases per 100,000 pigs has been reported, demonstrating the difficulty in controlling ASF in the region. In the southern region, the source of infection for domestic pigs seems to be the movement of infected pigs from rural areas raised in traditional systems, which allows the free movement of animals between herds of different origins, leading to a higher risk of viral transmission between farms [31,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nearly all regions of Mozambique have movement of animals and their by-products as one of the main risk factors for the transmission and spread of ASF. This is particularly observed in the traditional culture of almost all producers in the family sector [12,31,32]. Therefore, it is likely to be a key factor in disease occurrence in areas of viral circulation throughout the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Risk Regions of African Swine Fever Infection in Mozambique

Mataca

Oliveira

Lampeão

et al. 2023

Viruses

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African swine fever (ASF) is a transboundary infectious disease that can infect wild and domestic swine and requires enhanced surveillance between countries. In Mozambique, ASF has been reported across the country, spreading between provinces, mainly through the movement of pigs and their by-products. Subsequently, pigs from bordering countries were at risk of exposure. This study evaluated the spatiotemporal distribution and temporal trends of ASF in swine in Mozambique between 2000 and 2020. During this period, 28,624 cases of ASF were reported across three regions of the country. In total, the northern, central, and southern regions presented 64.9, 17.8, and 17.3% of the total cases, respectively. When analyzing the incidence risk (IR) of ASF per 100,000 pigs, the Cabo Delgado province had the highest IR (17,301.1), followed by the Maputo province (8868.6). In the space-time analysis, three clusters were formed in each region: (i) Cluster A involved the provinces of Cabo Delgado and Nampula (north), (ii) Cluster B involved the province of Maputo and the city of Maputo (south), and (iii) Cluster C consisted of the provinces of Manica and Sofala (central) in 2006. However, when analyzing the temporal trend in the provinces, most were found to be decreasing, except for Sofala, Inhambane, and Maputo, which had a stationary trend. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the spatial distribution of ASF in Mozambique. These findings will contribute to increasing official ASF control programs by identifying high-risk areas and raising awareness of the importance of controlling the borders between provinces and countries to prevent their spread to other regions of the world.

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A pilot study of common health problems in smallholder pigs in Angónia and Boane districts, Mozambique

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Investigation into the Epidemiology of African Swine Fever Virus at the Wildlife - Domestic Interface of the Gorongosa National Park, Central Mozambique

Investigation into the Epidemiology of African Swine Fever Virus at the Wildlife - Domestic Interface of the Gorongosa National Park, Central Mozambique

Genetic characterization of African swine fever virus isolates from soft ticks at the wildlife/domestic interface in Mozambique and identification of a novel genotype

High-Risk Regions of African Swine Fever Infection in Mozambique

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