A Pilot Non-Randomized Control Trial of Providing Quiet Time, Ear Plugs, Eye Masks, Reducing Noise and Light in Improving Sleep for Patients in General Medical Wards

The Efficacy of Eye Masks and Earplugs Interventions for Sleep Promotion in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…The characteristics of selected studies are presented in Table 1 . The studies were conducted in USA ( 14 , 21 , 36 , 48 , 50 , 51 ), UK ( 13 , 22 , 43 ), Belgium ( 23 ), China ( 24 , 25 , 27 , 38 ), Iran ( 26 , 28 – 32 , 35 , 39 , 42 , 49 ), France ( 33 , 34 ), India ( 37 , 41 , 46 ), Australia ( 40 ), Jordan ( 44 ), Canada ( 45 ), Turkey ( 47 ), Egypt ( 52 ), and Singapore ( 53 ). Twenty eligible studies were RCTs ( 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 33 – 35 , 37 – 43 , 46 , 48 , 51 – 53 ), six were randomized quasi-experimental ( 3 , 21 , 25 , 27 , 30 ), four were pre-post studies ( 5 , 22 , 31 , 47 ), two were randomized cross-over studies ( 32 , 49 ), and three were non-randomized quasi-experimental ( 13 , 14 , 45 ).…”

“…Twenty eligible studies were RCTs ( 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 33 – 35 , 37 – 43 , 46 , 48 , 51 – 53 ), six were randomized quasi-experimental ( 3 , 21 , 25 , 27 , 30 ), four were pre-post studies ( 5 , 22 , 31 , 47 ), two were randomized cross-over studies ( 32 , 49 ), and three were non-randomized quasi-experimental ( 13 , 14 , 45 ). Twenty-four trials were conducted in ICU which including medical ICU ( 5 , 41 , 46 ), cardiac ICU ( 13 ), general ICU ( 22 , 33 , 37 , 44 , 53 ), surgical ICU ( 32 , 40 , 48 , 51 ), mixed medical and surgical ICU ( 23 , 43 ), mixed medical and cardiac ICU ( 14 ), mixed medical and general ICU ( 42 , 45 , 50 ), neurology ICU ( 47 ), cardiac surgery intensive care unit (CSICU) ( 24 , 52 ), and post-anesthesia care units (PACUs) ( 34 ). Nine trials were conducted in coronary care unit (CCU) ( 26 – 31 , 35 , 39 , 49 ), and three trials were conducted in simulated ICU environment among healthy subjects ( 21 , 25 , 38 ).…”

“…Five studies ( 13 , 22 , 23 , 41 , 43 ), used their original sleep questionnaires. In addition, three studies used variable assessment tools such as Medical Outcomes Study Sleep (MOSS) score ( 34 ), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire ( 50 ), and Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) ( 30 ).…”

“…One author, Le Guen et al ( 34 ), used the Medical Outcome Study Scale (MOSS) and the Spiegel Scale (SS) and confirmed a statistically significant improvement after the intervention ( P = 0.006). A non-randomized controlled trial study by Ho et al ( 50 ), used the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) questionnaire and they did not find any statistical significant difference between the intervention and control groups. In an experimental study by Baghaei et al ( 30 ), 40 eligible patients were randomly assigned to control and eye mask groups and the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) was used to assess the effect of eye masks on nighttime sleep in CCU patients.…”