A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals in fish

Nichols, John W.; McKim, James M.; Andersen, Melvin E.; Gargas, Michael L.; Clewell, Harvey J.; Erickson, Russell J.

doi:10.1016/0041-008x(90)90338-u

Cited by 195 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…For example, the fitted uptake clearance constant for PH (i.e., k 01 ) was 2.78 l/h/kg (Table 3). Measured ventilation volumes for the fish exposed to PH averaged 15.01 l/h/kg, which is comparable with ventilation volumes reported in other studies with large trout (Nichols et al, 1990). Dividing k 01 by the measured ventilation volume provides an estimate of PH extraction efficiency across the gills.…”

Section: Pg Infusion Studiessupporting

confidence: 68%

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Use of Online Microdialysis Sampling to Determine the in Vivo Rate of Phenol Glucuronidation in Rainbow Trout

Nichols¹,

Hoffman²,

Fitzsimmons³

et al. 2008

Drug Metab Dispos

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ABSTRACT:A quantitative microdialysis (MD) sampling method was used to study phenol (PH) glucuronidation in vivo in rainbow trout. The method employs internal calibrators to account for changes in MD probe performance (in vitro-to-in vivo and sample-to-sample) and yields data of high temporal resolution that are well suited for developing kinetic models. Initially, trout were dosed with phenyl glucuronide (PG) by intravascular infusion for 24 h and then depurated for 48 h. Measured concentrations of PG in blood were well described by a one-compartment clearance-volume model. Massbalance calculations showed that 93% of infused PG was eliminated in urine during the depuration period. Peak concentrations of PG in urine averaged 3.4 times higher than those in blood, and the fitted PG clearance constant (15.7 ml/kg/h) was about 2.6 times higher than the reported glomerular filtration rate for trout. These findings confirm earlier work suggesting that PG is actively secreted by the trout kidney. In a second set of experiments, trout were exposed continuously to PH in water. In vivo rate constants for PH glucuronidation were estimated using a pair of linked (PH and PG) one-compartment clearance-volume models. Expressed on a whole-fish basis, the glucuronidation rate averaged 0.049/h, which was about 7% of the total rate of PH elimination. This study demonstrates the utility of quantitative MD sampling for kinetic studies of xenobiotic metabolism in fish.Microdialysis (MD) is a well established in vivo technique that is used to sample or deliver chemicals in blood or interstitial water of selected tissues. The MD method employs a semipermeable membrane that is perfused on its inner surface with physiological saline. Chemicals diffuse across the membrane and are collected for analysis by HPLC or other techniques, often without the need for additional processing steps. "On-line" MD is characterized by direct transfer of dialysate samples to the analytical instrument, resulting in near realtime analysis of samples. MD sampling methods were initially developed to measure endogenous compounds in the CNS (Benveniste and Hüttemeier, 1990) but have since been used in a wide range of scientific disciplines, including studies of chemical kinetics and biotransformation. The use of MD in pharmacokinetic studies with mammals has been extensively reviewed (Ståhle, 1992;Elmquist and Sawchuk, 1997;Davies, 1999;Hansen et al., 1999;Verbeeck, 2000).In a pioneering effort, McKim et al. (1993) used MD probes implanted in the dorsal aorta of rainbow trout to measure blood borne concentrations of phenol (PH) and its phase II metabolic product, phenyl glucuronide (PG), during continuous PH exposures. This method was then combined with periodic urine sampling to characterize the renal elimination of PH, PG, and two additional PH metabolites, phenyl sulfate and hydroquinone (McKim et al., 1999). These studies showed that phenyl sulfate and PG are the principal products of PH metabolism in trout and that the trout kidney actively secretes these c...

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Section: Pg Infusion Studiessupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The L assigned to whole fish (0.098) was based on the value given by Nichols et al (1990) for adult rainbow trout. Bertelsen et al (1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Online Microdialysis Sampling to Determine the in Vivo Rate of Phenol Glucuronidation in Rainbow Trout

Nichols¹,

Hoffman²,

Fitzsimmons³

et al. 2008

Drug Metab Dispos

Self Cite

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“…Aquatic organisms are exposed to toxicants in water and to chemicals complexed with food, particulates, and dissolved organic material. Estimating dose to the animal therefore presents a difficult challenge [12]. Because of the inherent difficulties in determining a lethal dose of insecticide for aquatic insects, it has not been possible to compare susceptibility of aquatic insects to that of other organisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, all of these accounts concern acute toxicity tests in which the insects are exposed to insecticides diluted in water with toxicity expressed as lethal concentration. Toxicity testing of aquatic organisms is limited by a lack of information on the body toxicant concentration at the biological response end point in question [10][11][12]. Aquatic organisms are exposed to toxicants in water and to chemicals complexed with food, particulates, and dissolved organic material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to terrestrial and aquatic insects

Siegfried

1993

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The acute toxicities of three pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, cypermethrin, and bi‐fenthrin) and one organophosphate insecticide (chlorpyrifos) were compared by topical application and static exposure to a variety of terrestrial and aquatic insects. Mayflies and damselflies were the most susceptible taxa tested by both exposure methods. The aquatic insects were generally more susceptible than the terrestrial insects when compared on a dose per body weight basis, although the differences were smaller than expected, given the extremely low concentrations that produce toxic effects by static exposure.

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“…Additional studies revealed that similar molar ratios produce similar toxic effects in both marine and freshwater sediments. (16).…”

Section: Soil To Groundwatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of human exposure to chemicals from Superfund sites.

Kamrin

Fischer

Suk

et al. 1994

Environ Health Perspect

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Assessing human exposure to chemicals from Superfund sites requires knowledge of basic physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in the environment and specific information about the local environment and population in the vicinity of sites of interest. Although progress is being made in both areas, there is still a tremendous amount to be done. Participants at this meeting have identified several of the areas in need of greater understanding, and they are listed below. Movement of dissolved and volatile organics, especially NAPLs, in the subsurface environment. This includes study of the partitioning of compounds between NAPLs, air, water, and soil. Partitioning of volatilized chemicals between gaseous and aerosol components of the atmosphere. This includes understanding how these components influence both wet and dry deposition. Long-term movement from sediments into biota and how these affect chronic toxicity to sediment biota. Broad validation of PBPK models describing partitioning of compounds from sediment and water into fish. Reactions of chemicals sorbed to atmospheric particles. This includes application of laboratory models to real and varied atmospheric conditions. Interactions between biotic and abiotic transformations in soil and sediment. Applicability of physiological pharmacokinetic models developed in laboratory studies of experimental animals and clinical investigations of humans to environmental chemicals, concentrations, and routes of exposure in humans. Use of human and wildlife behavioral and biomonitoring information to estimate exposure. This includes better understanding of human variability and the applicability of information gathered from particular wildlife species. To successfully address these gaps in our knowledge, much more analytical data must be collected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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A physiologically based toxicokinetic model for the uptake and disposition of waterborne organic chemicals in fish

Cited by 195 publications

References 39 publications

Use of Online Microdialysis Sampling to Determine the in Vivo Rate of Phenol Glucuronidation in Rainbow Trout

Use of Online Microdialysis Sampling to Determine the in Vivo Rate of Phenol Glucuronidation in Rainbow Trout

Comparative toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides to terrestrial and aquatic insects

Assessment of human exposure to chemicals from Superfund sites.

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