A Physics-Based Integrated Model of a Spark Ignition Engine and a Three-Way Catalyst

Optimizing Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine for Eco-Driving Applications

“…On the other hand, CO levels are the closest to the limit, which suggests that the model offers a better description of CO formation mechanisms. This matches with Andrianov's observations [14] that CO concentrations are weakly dependent on all tested variables other than AFR.…”

“…A trade-off between emissions and consumption for this particular pollutant is not observed for the arrival times that we studied (see table III). A more complete model would need to be built in order to conclude as to the trends for this pollutant as it depends on a large number of other parameters, such as spark timing, engine speed, and intake conditions [14].…”

Optimal Control of a Spark Ignition Engine Including Cold Start Operations for Consumption/Emissions Compromises

“…This species is then itself oxidized in a second step to give carbon dioxide if the temperature and the quantity of oxygen are sufficient. Andrianov expresses CO concentration only as a function of the equivalence ratio that controls the amount of oxygen present in the cylinder [16]. This approach is consistent with the experimental results obtained as shown in Figure 2.…”

“…We notice that neither spark advance, nor engine speed or intake pressure show high correlation factor with CO concentration. Andrianov [16] proposes to use a polynomial of degree 5 to model the dependence of the CO concentration on fuel/air ratio. Abida and Claude [13] use the root of a polynomial of degree 2, which gives a suitable shape by reducing the number of coefficients to be adjusted.…”

“…Successive studies have then explored this topic in the literature, studying the influence of other variables, reducing the complexity of models or using techniques such as artificial neural networks to formulate accurate models from a limited number of experimental data [14,15]. In 2012, Andrianov et al [16] developed a model that took into account the same variables as Abida's, but introduced the valve timing (synchronization of cylinder opening and closing with piston movement) and a three way catalyst model. The integrated model comprised 65 state variables and many non linearities.…”