A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Allometry of Diving

Halsey, Lewis G.; Butler, Patrick J.; Blackburn, Tim M.

doi:10.1086/499439

Cited by 144 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…In PGLS, an estimate of the phylogenetic covariance is given by l, which indicates the strength of the phylogenetic effect (see Halsey et al 2006). Phylogenetic and conventional (ordinary least squares, OLS) analyses examined models of the relationships between MAT, PP and SM (independent variables) on the physiological traits WLR, body water content (BWC) and survival time (ST) (dependent variables) for adults but, due to lack of available data, only WLR for pupae (electronic supplementary material S6-9).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The evolution of water balance inGlossina(Diptera: Glossinidae): correlations with climate

Kleynhans

Terblanche

2008

Biol. Lett.

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The water balance of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) has significant implications for understanding biogeography and climate change responses in these African disease vectors. Although moisture is important for tsetse population dynamics, evolutionary responses of Glossina water balance to climate have been relatively poorly explored and earlier studies may have been confounded by several factors. Here, using a physiological and GIS climate database, we investigate potential interspecific relationships between traits of water balance and climate. We do so in conventional and phylogenetically independent approaches for both adults and pupae. Results showed that water loss rates ( WLR) were significantly positively related to precipitation in pupae even after phylogenetic adjustment. Adults showed no physiology-climate correlations. Ancestral trait reconstruction suggests that a reduction in WLR and increased size probably evolved from an intermediate ancestral state and may have facilitated survival in xeric environments. The results of this study therefore suggest an important role for water balance physiology of pupae in determining interspecific variation and lend support to conclusions reached by early studies of tsetse physiology.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the non-independence of species violates critical statistical assumptions and correlations may be significantly biased when evolutionary history is not accounted for (e.g. Halsey et al 2006). Third, previous studies did not have access to high-resolution GIS climate databases and often inferred environmental moisture variation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of water balance inGlossina(Diptera: Glossinidae): correlations with climate

Kleynhans

Terblanche

2008

Biol. Lett.

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“…PGLS were performed following Halsey et al (2006). In the PGLS analysis, an estimate of the phylogenetic covariance is given by l. Each model was implemented either with or without phylogenetic adjustment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scaling of gas exchange cycle frequency in insects

et al. 2007

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Previously, it has been suggested that insect gas exchange cycle frequency ( f C ) is mass independent, making insects different from most other animals where periods typically scale as mass −0.25 . However, the claim for insects is based on studies of only a few closely related taxa encompassing a relatively small size range. Moreover, it is not known whether the type of gas exchange pattern (discontinuous versus cyclic) influences the f C –mass scaling relationship. Here, we analyse a large database to examine interspecific f C –mass scaling. In addition, we investigate the effect of mode of gas exchange on the f C –scaling relationship using both conventional and phylogenetically independent approaches. Cycle frequency is scaled as mass −0.280 (when accounting for phylogeneticnon-independence and gas exchange pattern), which did not differ significantly from mass −0.25 . The slope of the f C –mass relationship was shallower with a significantly lower intercept for the species showing discontinuous gas exchange than for those showing the cyclic pattern, probably due to lower metabolic rates in the former. Insects therefore appear no different from other animals insofar as the scaling of gas exchange f C is concerned, although gas exchange f C may scale in distinct ways for different patterns.

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“…durations that contradict allometric trends of enhanced diving capacity that accompany larger body sizes (Croll et al 2001;Halsey et al 2006). The purported high energetic cost of foraging, because of the high drag experienced during lunge-feeding, is thought to be the proximate cause of these limited dive times (Acevedo-Gutierrez et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive versus active engulfment: verdict from trajectory simulations of lunge-feeding fin whalesBalaenoptera physalus

Potvin

Goldbogen

Shadwick

2009

J. R. Soc. Interface.

160

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Lunge-feeding in rorqual whales represents the largest biomechanical event on Earth and one of the most extreme feeding methods among aquatic vertebrates. By accelerating to high speeds and by opening their mouth to large gape angles, these whales generate the water pressure required to expand their mouth around a large volume of prey-laden water. Such large influx is facilitated by highly extensible ventral groove blubber (VGB) associated with the walls of the throat (buccal cavity). Based on the mechanical properties of this tissue, previous studies have assumed lunge-feeding to be an entirely passive process, where the flow-induced pressure driving the expansion of the VGB is met with little resistance. Such compliant engulfment would be facilitated by the compliant properties of the VGB that have been measured on dead specimens. However, adjoining the ventral blubber are several layers of well-developed muscle embedded with mechanoreceptors, thereby suggesting a capability to gauge the magnitude of engulfed water and use eccentric muscle action to control the flux of water into the mouth. An unsteady hydrodynamic model of fin whale lunge-feeding is presented here to test whether engulfment is exclusively passive and compliant or involves muscle action. The model is based on the explicit simulation of the engulfed water as it interacts with the buccal cavity walls of the whale, under different heuristically motivated cavity forces. Our results, together with their comparison with velocity data collected in the field, suggest that adult rorquals actively push engulfed water forward from the very onset of mouth opening in order to successfully complete a lunge. Interestingly, such an action involves a reflux of the engulfed mass rather than the oft-assumed rebound, which would occur mainly at the very end of a lunge sequence dominated by compliant engulfment. Given the great mass of the engulfed water, reflux creation adds a significant source of hydrodynamic drag to the lunge process, but with the benefit of helping to circumvent the problem of removing prey from baleen by enhancing the efficiency of cross-flow filtration after mouth closing. Reflux management for a successful lunge will therefore demand wellcoordinated muscular actions of the tail, mouth and ventral cavity.

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A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Allometry of Diving

Cited by 144 publications

References 71 publications

The evolution of water balance inGlossina(Diptera: Glossinidae): correlations with climate

The evolution of water balance inGlossina(Diptera: Glossinidae): correlations with climate

Scaling of gas exchange cycle frequency in insects

Passive versus active engulfment: verdict from trajectory simulations of lunge-feeding fin whalesBalaenoptera physalus

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