A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Coneflower Genera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)

Cox, Patricia B.; Urbatsch, Lowell E.

doi:10.2307/2419353

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These characters (quantitative and polymorphic) are normally excluded from phylogenetic analysis for a variety of reasons, e.g., they show intraspecific variation (Gensel, 1992), are arbitrarily defined (Cox and Urbatsch, 1990), or are highly homoplastic (Campbell and Frost, 1993;Wiens, 1995). Nevertheless, these types of characters are common and are occasionally used in studies, such as ours, that aim to examine inter-intraspecific variation (Campbell and Frost, 1993;Gutberlet, 1998;Wiens, 1999Wiens, , 2000.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in Survival, Growth and Metamorphosis in the Larval Fire Salamander (Salamandra Salamandra): Effects of Larval Birth Size, Sibship and Environment

2004

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Salamandra salamandra has an unusual mode of reproduction. Females retain eggs in their oviducts and give birth to aquatic larvae or, in some populations, to fully metamorphosed juveniles. We investigated how variation in the birth size of larvae of five different sibships of S. salamandra affected larval survival, larval growth rates, time to metamorphosis, and size at metamorphosis under different food and temperature conditions. Maternal effects, via the effect of larval birth size, attenuated throughout development in all environments but still affected metamorphic traits at lower temperatures. Larval developmental time was negatively correlated with larval birth size and positively correlated with size at metamorphosis. After controlling for the effect of larval birth size, broad-sense heritabilities were obtained for residual values of metamorphic traits, indicating that enough genetic variability exists at lower temperature environments and that responses to selection of metamorphic traits are possible. The size at and the time to metamorphosis were phenotypically and genetically correlated. Since both traits presumably affect fitness, genetic dependence between size and time to metamorphosis may act as a constraint on adaptive evolution through antagonistic pleiotropy. Mass-specific growth, time to metamorphosis, and size at metamorphosis were plastic under different temperature and food conditions, but no significant sibship 3 environment interaction was found for any trait. In addition, significant cross-environment correlation for size at metamorphosis with respect to the food gradient indicates low potential for the adaptive evolution of reaction norms to heterogeneous food environments.Key words: Maternal effects; Metamorphosis; Plasticity; Salamandra salamandra; Sibship variation; Trade-offs VARIATION in offspring traits that confer fitness upon which natural selection may act is due to inter-individual differences in genotype, environmental conditions (including maternal effects), and genotype 3 environment interactions (the variation in the relative expression of genotypes in different environments; Lewontin, 1974). Maternal effects are considered the source of individual phenotypic variation attributable not to an organism's own genotype or its interaction with the environment but to the phenotype or environment of its mother (Wade, 1998). Since maternal effects are the expression of the maternal phenotype and have an inherent genetic component, such traits should evolve in much the same way as any other trait that shows Mendelian inheritance. Maternal effects in species that provide no parental care to their offspring are basically limited to the investment the female may provide to the eggs. Usually, maternal effects have their maximal influence during the earlier stages of ontogeny (a period of greatest mortality). Egg and propagule size variations have been empirically demonstrated to have strong effects on offspring fitness traits in plants and animals (Azevedo et al., 1997; Roach...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variability in Survival, Growth and Metamorphosis in the Larval Fire Salamander (Salamandra Salamandra): Effects of Larval Birth Size, Sibship and Environment

2004

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“…The use of continuous morphometric characters has long been criticized in the cladistic literature (Crisp and Weston ; Pimentel and Riggins ; Cranston and Humprhies ; Cox and Urbatsch ; Stevens ; Crowe ), with so‐called discrete characters (e.g. the presence and the absence of a particular structure) being considered more reliable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap‐weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens

Romano

Nicosia

2015

Palaeontology

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Occupying the role of primary consumer and having an early–middle Permian age range, caseids (Caseasauria, Synapsida) are fundamental to the interpretation of the early history of terrestrial vertebrate ecosystems. Despite this importance, no comprehensive, species‐level phylogenetic study of Caseidae has yet been performed. Herein, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the group, using gap weighting to include poorly known taxa. Besides the description and comments on the resultant topologies, some more general issues concerning cladistic methodologies are briefly addressed. This study highlights the importance of a total‐evidence approach, including as many within‐group taxa and characters as possible. Continuously varying characters, in the form of indices derived from measurement of individual skeletal elements, proved to be highly important, adding significantly to the resolution of, and support for, recovered trees. The utility of the postcranial skeleton in understanding relationships among basal synapsids is highlighted.

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“…The subtribe is phy- Robinson's (1978Robinson's ( , 1981 removal of Echinacea to the Ecliptinae and his establishment of the Rudbeckiinae, the four coneflower genera had always been associated with one another. In the phylogenetic investigation by Cox and Urbatsch (1990) Echinacea invariably was sister to Rudbeckia sect. Echinacea differs significantly from Dracopis, Ratibida, and Rudbeckia in embryological features (Battaglia 1952).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Robinson 1978(Robinson , 1981. ex Pers., Balsamorhiza, Helianthella, Verbesina L., and Wyethia composed a second clade (Cox and Urbatsch 1990). Although not specifically addressed, the phylogenetic position of Echinacea in the subtribe Ecliptinae is probably with such genera as Balsamorhiza Nutt., Helianthella Torrey & A.…”

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confidence: 97%

“…Echinacea was maintained some distance from the coneflowers sensu stricto in subtribe Ecliptinae Less. Cox and Urbatsch (1990) considered the question of phylogeny among the coneflowers and other, putatively related, genera. Characters supporting his decision included anatomical features such as achene pigmentation and striation, the patterns of colored resin in the corolla ducts, the presence or absence of fibers along the vascular bundles in the disk corollas, and endothecial cell wall thickenings (Robinson 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic Affinities Among and Within the Coneflower Genera (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), a Chloroplast DNA Analysis

Urbatsch

Jansen

1995

Systematic Botany

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A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Coneflower Genera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae)

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Variability in Survival, Growth and Metamorphosis in the Larval Fire Salamander (Salamandra Salamandra): Effects of Larval Birth Size, Sibship and Environment

Variability in Survival, Growth and Metamorphosis in the Larval Fire Salamander (Salamandra Salamandra): Effects of Larval Birth Size, Sibship and Environment

Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap‐weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens

Phylogenetic Affinities Among and Within the Coneflower Genera (Asteraceae, Heliantheae), a Chloroplast DNA Analysis

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