A Photovoltaic Power Curtailment Method for Operation on Both Sides of the Power-Voltage Curve

Abstract

Massive integration of non-dispatchable energy into electric power systems is a challenging task. Electric power systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable in terms of frequency stability, as renewable energy displaces conventional synchronous generation from the energy mix. For this reason, grid codes are starting to demand different ancillary services from renewable generators, such as frequency control. In contrast to wind generators, which can deliver to the grid part of the kinetic energy stored in their rotating mass, photovoltaic generators must provide this service using batteries or power curtailment methods. The latter approach is preferable regarding the initial investment and its implementation cost, and several methods have been presented in the literature for this purpose. However, there is no consensus in which is the most appropriate side for operating the photovoltaic system in the curtailed mode. As both possible options have advantages and drawbacks, this paper proposes a novel photovoltaic power curtailment strategy that allows operation on both sides of the power-voltage curve depending on the needs. Moreover, in order to estimate the output characteristic of the photovoltaic system, a real-time nonlinear least squares curve fitting is applied. The proposed methodology has been tested in a simulation environment and the results show that this strategy achieves the requested active power reserves, regardless of the operation side.

New Trends in the Control of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems for the Provision of Ancillary Services

“…The possibility of operating the PV system suboptimally on both the left and right sides of the P-V curve was introduced in [30]. This work also demonstrated that real-time estimation of irradiance and temperature highly depends on the operation side.…”

South Africa’s integrated energy planning framework, 2015–2050

“…At this point, the engineers only rely on technical competence [59][60][61]. The new gas-to-liquid plant and shale gas exploitation were estimated to create 90 000 and 2 575 jobs respectively in the IEP by 2040, but they are no longer considered economically viable options [62,63]. Instead, technological developments such as electrification of transport, the use of hydrogen-based power in industry, electrical storage, and distributed energy generation are currently seen as economically viable options [35].…”

Optimal Allocation of Curtailment Level of PV Power Output in Different Regions in Consideration of the Reduction in Aggregated PV Power

“…Power curtailment (Cr) and energy storage are among these strategies. It is undeniable that energy storage system implementation costs are high [3] while power Cr is a more feasible method for forcing a planned output reduction in order to balance the supply and demand for electricity [4], [5].…”