A Photorefractive study of infant accommodation

Braddick, Oliver; Atkinson, Janette; French, Jennifer C.; Howland, Howard C.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(79)90204-9

Cited by 110 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It came out of our work, in collaboration with the ophthalmologists in Cambridge, initially identifying amblyopia in children with a range of paediatric visual disorders such as congenital cataract and strabismus (e.g., Atkinson, Braddick, & Pimm-Smith, 1982; Atkinson & Braddick, 1982, 1986; Atkinson et al, 1988) and analyzing early binocularity (Wattam-Bell, Braddick, Atkinson, & Day, 1987; Smith, Atkinson, Anker, & Moore, 1991). We devised with Howard Howland isotropic photorefraction to study infants' development of accommodation and refraction, including early astigmatism and its reduction (Howland, Atkinson, Braddick, & French, 1978; Braddick, Atkinson, French, & Howland, 1979; Atkinson & French, 1979; Atkinson, Braddick, & French, 1980). Using photo- and video-refraction we devised and led large-scale population screening programs to identify strabismus and refractive errors in typically developing infants at 9 months of age, screening over 8000 infants (Atkinson, Braddick, Durden, Watson, & Atkinson, 1984; Atkinson, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Davida Teller Award Lecture, 2016

Atkinson

2017

Journal of Vision

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Research in the Visual Development Unit on “dorsal stream vulnerability' (DSV) arose from research in two somewhat different areas. In the first, using cortical milestones for local and global processing from our neurobiological model, we identified cerebral visual impairment in infants in the first year of life. In the second, using photo/videorefraction in population refractive screening programs, we showed that infant spectacle wear could reduce the incidence of strabismus and amblyopia, but many preschool children, who had been significantly hyperopic earlier, showed visuo-motor and attentional deficits. This led us to compare developing dorsal and ventral streams, using sensitivity to global motion and form as signatures, finding deficits in motion sensitivity relative to form in children with Williams syndrome, or perinatal brain injury in hemiplegia or preterm birth. Later research showed that this “DSV” was common across many disorders, both genetic and acquired, from autism to amblyopia. Here, we extend DSV to be a cluster of problems, common to many disorders, including poor motion sensitivity, visuo-motor spatial integration for planning actions, attention, and number skills. In current research, we find that individual differences in motion coherence sensitivity in typically developing children are correlated with MRI measures of area variations in parietal lobe, fractional anisotropy (from TBSS) of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and performance on tasks of mathematics and visuo-motor integration. These findings suggest that individual differences in motion sensitivity reflect decision making and attentional control rather than integration in MT/V5 or V3A. Its neural underpinnings may be related to Duncan's “multiple-demand” (MD) system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Davida Teller Award Lecture, 2016

Atkinson

2017

Journal of Vision

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“…2) raises the question of whether this development is due to improvement in the optical quality of the image on the infant's fundus, or to maturation of the neural pathways signalling visual pattern information to the brain. We have used a photographic method (Howland & Howland 1974) to examine the accuracy of accommodation in young infants (Braddick et al 1979). Between birth and 6 months infants show a considerable improvement in accommodation, especially for targets at distances of over 1 m. However, our calculations show that the errors of accommodation for infants under 6 months are by no means great enough to account for the relatively low acuity of these infants in PL testing.…”

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confidence: 95%

Assessment of Visual Acuity in Infancy and Early Childhood

Atkinson

Braddick

1983

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The forced-choice preferential looking method (FPL) shows the development of acuity during the first year of life, and is applicable to clinical assessment. A tracking test using a narrow strip of grating yields a more sensitive measure for the later part of this age range, however. The development of acuity is dominated by neural rather than optical or accommodative factors. By age 3 years resolution acuity is very close to adult performance, but at 5 years 'crowding' effects may still impair performance on practical acuity tasks more than for the adult.Key word!: visual acuity -preferential looking -visual development in infancy -crowding effect.

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“…[7][8][9][10]12 Most of the previous studies of infants' accommodation have determined their steady state responses to stationary targets. [7][8][9][10] The natural world, however, routinely consists of stimuli moving in depth, when objects are moved or the infant is carried through the environment. When tracking dynamic targets, the latencies and dynamics of infants' accommodative responses have a large impact on their habitual retinal image defocus.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4] The human neonate typically has a hyperopic refractive error 5,6 and accommodates inaccurately to objects in their environment. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Over time, emmetropization and increasing accommodative accuracy both act to improve the developing eye's optical performance. The reduction in refractive error resulting from emmetropisation typically takes a number of months to years to occur, through a relatively slow process, 3,6 and so it is the accommodative system that more routinely eliminates defocus in the infant eye by compensating for refractive error and viewing distance.…”

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confidence: 99%