A phosphorus/N-doped carbon nanofiber composite as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Ruan, Boyang; Wang, Jun; Shi, Dongqi; Xu, Yanfei; Chou, Shulei; Liu, Huan; Wang, Jiazhao

doi:10.1039/c5ta04366b

Cited by 114 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, a C-P bond attributed to phosphorus which is located as doping in the carbon (consistent with the increased carbon lattice spacing from XRD) is located at 284.1 eV; the peak from C-O-P/C-O-C lies at 286.7 eV; and a distinct peak appears at 289.7 eV that can be assigned to P-C=O/O-C=O. [13,32,33] The bonds with oxygen originate from the oxidation of ball milled carbon upon exposure to air. The BP in the composite shows a marked reduction of the P-O signal.…”

Section: Communicationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The most common allotrope, red phosphorus, is widely available and chemically stable, and has been studied intensively for sodium ion batteries. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, its low electrical conductivity appears to be a major drawback. To address this issue, these electrodes included a large amount of costly carbon nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF), etc.).…”

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confidence: 99%

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High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

Peng

Liu

et al. 2017

ChemElectroChem

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Black phosphorus (BP) has received increasing research attention as an anode material in sodium ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high capacity, electronic conductivity and chemical stability. However, it is still challenging for BP based SIB anodes to achieve a high electrochemical performance utilizing cost-effective materials and synthetic methods. This work presents a sodium ion anode based on a facile BP -carbon nanocomposite synthesized from commercial red phosphorus and low-cost super P carbon black. Intimate interactions between BP and carbon are present which help to maintain the electrical conduction during cycling and therefore a high cycling stability is achieved. It exhibits a high capacity retention of 1381 mAh g -1 for sodium ion storage after 100 cycles, maintaining 90.5 % of the initial reversible capacity. Such high performance / materials cost ratio may provide direction for future phosphorus based anodes in high energy density SIBs.Cost-effective and high energy density batteries and battery materials are required to meet the demand of electricity storage. Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) attract increasing research attention because of the high abundance of sodium compared to lithium, and significant progress has been made in recent years. [1][2][3] Among the high-capacity anode materials (Sb, Sn, etc.) for sodium ion storage, phosphorus exhibits the highest theoretical capacity of 2596 mAh g −1 (Na 3 P). Significant research interest has been triggered by the prospects of high energy density SIBs based on phosphorus anodes. [4,5] Phosphorus exists in several allotropes that exhibit strikingly different properties. White phosphorus is chemically unstable, volatile, toxic and non-conducting, and therefore not suitable for battery applications. The most common allotrope, red phosphorus, is widely available and chemically stable, and has been studied intensively for sodium ion batteries. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] However, its low electrical conductivity appears to be a major drawback. To address this issue, these electrodes included a large amount of costly carbon nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon nanofiber (CNF), etc.). For large scale applications the use of CNT's needs orders of magnitude reduced cost levels, [14] while also graphene and its processing are considered costly. [15] With respect to energy density and manufacturing cost these material factors [16] form a barrier for the commercial introduction of phosphorus as the anode materials for SIBs. Cost-effective super P carbon black are also investigated, [17] but the cycle life of the electrode (only 30 de-/sodiation cycles were reported) is still to be improved.The use of carbon should be noted because carbon and phosphorus do not form binary inorganic or molecular compounds; they can, however, form composites of phosphorus and carbon nanostructures held together by what will likely be weak van der Waals forces. The fact that no P-C compounds are stable implies that upon Na insertion and extraction there are...

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Section: Communicationmentioning

confidence: 90%

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confidence: 99%

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

Peng

Liu

et al. 2017

ChemElectroChem

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“…[14,15] Although Si has been considered the most promising anode for LIBs, it holds very limited Na storage capacities at ambient temperature due to the unfavorable kinetics. Benefiting from the high theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g −1 [19][20][21][22][23] by forming a highly reactive Na 3 P phase [24] and a safe working potential of ≈0.45 V versus Na/Na + , [25] phosphorus (P) has been considered a promising anode candidate for SIBs among many proposed materials. Benefiting from the high theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g −1 [19][20][21][22][23] by forming a highly reactive Na 3 P phase [24] and a safe working potential of ≈0.45 V versus Na/Na + , [25] phosphorus (P) has been considered a promising anode candidate for SIBs among many proposed materials.…”

Section: Doi: 101002/aenm201702267mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Assembly of Hollow Microporous Carbon Spheres as P Hosts for Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Yao

Cui

Huang

et al. 2017

Advanced Energy Materials

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have been considered as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) for largescale applications like smart grid energy storage. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Significant progress has been made in developing cathode materials for high-performance SIBs, such as layered transition metal oxides (Na x MeO 2 , Me = 3d transition metals), [7] polyanionic compounds, [8] and miscellaneous Na insertion materials. [9] The progress of designing efficient anode materials, however, has been relatively slow and finding proper ones is exigent because the commercial graphite anode for LIBs cannot be used to host the Na + ions whose diameter is ≈34% larger than Li + ions in the commonly used carbonate-based electrolytes. [10][11][12][13] Further, graphite has negligible capacities of 30-35 mA h g −1 in SIBs. [14,15] Although Si has been considered the most promising anode for LIBs, it holds very limited Na storage capacities at ambient temperature due to the unfavorable kinetics. [16][17][18] In view of the abovementioned reasons, it is crucial to identify anode materials that possess high capacities and long cyclic stability in SIBs. Benefiting from the high theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g −1[19-23] by forming a highly reactive Na 3 P phase [24] and a safe working potential of ≈0.45 V versus Na/Na + , [25] phosphorus (P) has been considered a promising anode candidate for SIBs among many proposed materials. [26,27] Red P presents better chemical stability at room temperature and is commercially available at lower cost than other phosphorus allotropes, like white P, black P, [28] and violet P. [29] Nevertheless, most electrodes made from red P suffered low rate capacities, severe capacity reduction, and poor electrochemical reversibility, [19,21,30] which hindered the wide application of red P-based anodes. The following unfavorable reaction mechanisms are responsible for the poor electrochemical performance. (i) The extremely large volume expansion over 300% occurring when red P is transformed to Na 3 P phase causes pulverization of the active material and separation of red P from the current collectors, leading to rapid capacity deterioration. [23,[31][32][33] (ii) The electrically insulating amorphous red P whose electrical conductivity is ≈10 −14 S cm −1 results in large polarization and poor utilization of active material, [20,21,23,25,34] limiting the high-rate performance. (iii) The unstable, electronically insulating solid electrolyte This paper reports the rational assembly of novel hollow porous carbon nanospheres (HPCNSs) as the hosts of phosphorous (P) active materials for high-performance sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The vaporization-condensation process is employed to synthesize P/C composites, which is elucidated by both theories and experiments to achieve optimized designs. The combined molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations indicate that the morphologies of polymeric P 4 and the P loading in the P/C composites depend mainly on the pore size and surface condition of carbon supports. M...

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“…It is commercially available with ease, giving much potential of its practical implementation for energy storage. [18] During the last decade, various carbon materials have been used to combine with RP, such as carbon black (super P), [164,165] carbon nanotube, [157] carbon nanofibers, [158] graphite, [159] and so on. [163] Therefore, amorphous RP theoretically shows the highest volumetric capacity among the alloying anodes for SIBs.…”

Section: Red Phosphorusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alloy‐Based Anode Materials toward Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2017

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Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries owing to the abundant sodium resources. However, the limited energy density, moderate cycling life, and immature manufacture technology of SIBs are the major challenges hindering their practical application. Recently, numerous efforts are devoted to developing novel electrode materials with high specific capacities and long durability. In comparison with carbonaceous materials (e.g., hard carbon), partial Group IVA and VA elements, such as Sn, Sb, and P, possess high theoretical specific capacities for sodium storage based on the alloying reaction mechanism, demonstrating great potential for high-energy SIBs. In this review, the recent research progress of alloy-type anodes and their compounds for sodium storage is summarized. Specific efforts to enhance the electrochemical performance of the alloy-based anode materials are discussed, and the challenges and perspectives regarding these anode materials are proposed.

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A phosphorus/N-doped carbon nanofiber composite as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Cited by 114 publications

References 48 publications

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

High‐Performance and Low‐Cost Sodium‐Ion Anode Based on a Facile Black Phosphorus−Carbon Nanocomposite

Rational Assembly of Hollow Microporous Carbon Spheres as P Hosts for Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Alloy‐Based Anode Materials toward Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries

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