A Phosphorus Budget for a Swedish Municipality

Nilsson, Jonas

doi:10.1006/jema.1995.0072

Cited by 56 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The rates of nutrient retention and the magnitude of fluxes to and from urban areas vary across cities, although all retain P. Phoenix accumulates 86% of P inputs, while Bangkok, Thailand, accumulates 59% (Faerge et al 2001) and Ga¨lve, Sweden, accumulates 67% (Nilsson 1995). Mesic cities with closer proximity to water, such as Ga¨lve and Bangkok, retain less P than Phoenix (Nilsson 1995, Faerge et al 2001), supporting our findings that P recycling in Phoenix is largely driven by water recycling due to water scarcity. Less-developed cities with smaller populations, such as Harare, Zimbabwe, consume less P and have much smaller P outputs from their sewage infrastructure than Phoenix (Gumbo et al 2002).…”

Section: Comparison To Other Urban Systemssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Previous urban P budgets have focused primarily on urban food systems (Faerge et al 2001, Gumbo et al 2002, Antikainen et al 2008, Neset et al 2008, Drechsel et al 2010). More comprehensive urban P budgets have demonstrated that fluxes associated with food systems (e.g., commercial fertilizers, food imports, and human waste) dominate in cities (Nilsson 1995, Tangsubkul et al 2005, Han et al 2011. Beyond the effects of food systems, industrial ecology research has demonstrated the importance of nonfood materials in urban material budgets (Decker et al 2000, Matsubae-Yokoyama et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem

Metson

Hale

Iwaniec

et al. 2012

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. As urban environments dominate the landscape, we need to examine how limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (P) cycle in these novel ecosystems. Sustainable management of P resources is necessary to ensure global food security and to minimize freshwater pollution. We used a spatially explicit budget to quantify the pools and fluxes of P in the Greater Phoenix Area in Arizona, USA, using the boundaries of the Central ArizonaPhoenix Long-Term Ecological Research site. Inputs were dominated by direct imports of food and fertilizer for local agriculture, while most outputs were small, including water, crops, and material destined for recycling. Internally, fluxes were dominated by transfers of food and feed from local agriculture and the recycling of human and animal excretion. Spatial correction of P dynamics across the city showed that human density and associated infrastructure, especially asphalt, dominated the distribution of P pools across the landscape. Phosphorus fluxes were dominated by agricultural production, with agricultural soils accumulating P.Human features (infrastructure, technology, and waste management decisions) and biophysical characteristics (soil properties, water fluxes, and storage) mediated P dynamics in Phoenix. P cycling was most notably affected by water management practices that conserve and recycle water, preventing the loss of waterborne P from the ecosystem. P is not intentionally managed, and as a result, changes in land use and demographics, particularly increased urbanization and declining agriculture, may lead to increased losses of P from this system. We suggest that city managers should minimize cross-boundary fluxes of P to the city. Reduced P fluxes may be accomplished through more efficient recycling of waste, therefore decreasing dependence on external nonrenewable P resources and minimizing aquatic pollution. Our spatial approach and consideration of both pools and fluxes across a heterogeneous urban ecosystem increases the utility of nutrient budgets for city managers. Our budget explicitly links processes that affect P cycling across space with the management of other resources (e.g., water). A holistic management strategy that deliberately couples the management of P and other resources should be a priority for cities in achieving urban sustainability.

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Section: Comparison To Other Urban Systemssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem

Metson

Hale

Iwaniec

et al. 2012

Ecological Applications

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“…Agricultural production within metropolitan areas is a notable exception, as in Mexico City (42) and Shanghai (43), but the practice is becoming rare as land is being transformed to residential, commercial, and industrial uses (16,44). It is estimated that less than 10% of material inputs are exported as goods (45)(46)(47). Thus, cities are net sinks for most materials.…”

Section: Stored Inputs: Construction and Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

ENERGY ANDMATERIALFLOWTHROUGH THEURBANECOSYSTEM

Decker

Elliott

Smith

et al. 2000

Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ.

336

226

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Key Words megacity biogeochemistry, city succession, industrial metabolism, air pollution, system simulations s Abstract This paper reviews the available data and models on energy and material flows through the world's 25 largest cities. Throughput is categorized as stored, transformed, or passive for the major flow modes. The aggregate, fuel, food, water, and air cycles are all examined. Emphasis is placed on atmospheric pathways because the data are abundant. Relevant models of urban energy and material flows, demography, and atmospheric chemistry are discussed. Earth system-level loops from cities to neighboring ecosystems are identified. Megacities are somewhat independent of their immediate environment for food, fuel, and aggregate inputs, but all are constrained by their regional environment for supplying water and absorbing wastes. We elaborate on analogies with biological metabolism and ecosystem succession as useful conceptual frameworks for addressing urban ecological problems. We conclude that whereas data are numerous for some individual cities, cross-cutting compilations are lacking in biogeochemical analysis and modeling. Synthesis of the existing information will be a crucial first step. Cross-cutting field research and integrated, multidisciplinary simulations will be necessary.

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“…Research to gain this knowledge is accelerating. Several studies have examined flows of energy and nutrients through cities (Baker et al 2001b;Faerge et al 2001;Decker et al 2000) or components of cities (Nilsson 1995;Gray and Becker 2002). Kaye et al (2006) elucidated mechanisms by which human activities affect biophysical drivers of biogeochemical cycling-hydrology, climate, nutrient loading, vegetation patterns, climate, and land use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of consumption choices on fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through households

et al. 2006

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Households are an important scale of analysis for human ecosystems because they are a major source of pollutants and could thus be a new focus for pollution management, particularly for education-based source reduction strategies. The household is also a meaningful unit for analysis of human ecosystems, being common to all human cultures. This study develops a Household Flux Calculator (HFC) to compute C, N, and P fluxes for scenarios intended to represent three levels of household consumption: low, typical, and high. All three scenarios were developed for suburban households with two adults and two children in the Minneapolis-St. Paul (Twin Cities) metropolitan area, Minnesota. Calculated ratios of fluxes between high and low consumption households were 3.5:1 for C, 2.7:1 for N and 1.4:1 for P. Results suggest a high level of discretionary consumption that could be reduced without a substantial reduction in standard of living. Thus, modest changes in behavior in high consumption households would greatly reduce fluxes of C, N, and P without major changes in lifestyle.

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A Phosphorus Budget for a Swedish Municipality

Cited by 56 publications

References 0 publications

Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem

Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem

ENERGY ANDMATERIALFLOWTHROUGH THEURBANECOSYSTEM

Effect of consumption choices on fluxes of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus through households

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