A phase-field simulation of austenite to ferrite transformation kinetics in low carbon steels

Huang, Cheng; Browne, David J.; McFadden, Shaun

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2005.08.033

Cited by 87 publications

(50 citation statements)

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“…For further progress in this area, we look to a newly developed and highly promising adaptation of the phase-field approach by Greenwood and Provatas [375], which accounts for the interplay of anisotropies of interfacial energy, interfacial mobility and self-strain energy, as well as the strain energy associated with the gradient of a misfitting solute in the parent crystal. Phase-field modeling of various aspects of transformations in Fe-C steels, such as grain growth, massive transformation, nucleation and coarsening, has also been undertaken [380,381].…”

Section: Isothermal Transformation 721 Single-phase Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solidification microstructures and solid-state parallels: Recent developments, future directions

et al. 2009

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Rapid advances in atomistic and phase-field modeling techniques as well as new experiments have led to major progress in solidification science during the first years of this century. Here we review the most important findings in this technologically important area that impact our quantitative understanding of: (i) key anisotropic properties of the solid-liquid interface that govern solidification pattern evolution, including the solid-liquid interface free energy and the kinetic coefficient; (ii) dendritic solidification at small and large growth rates, with particular emphasis on orientation selection; (iii) regular and irregular eutectic and peritectic microstructures; (iv) effects of convection on microstructure formation; (v) solidification at a high volume fraction of solid and the related formation of pores and hot cracks; and (vi) solid-state transformations as far as they relate to solidification models and techniques. In light of this progress, critical issues that point to directions for future research in both solidification and solid-state transformations are identified.

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Section: Isothermal Transformation 721 Single-phase Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solidification microstructures and solid-state parallels: Recent developments, future directions

et al. 2009

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“…It is additionally noted that the carbon concentration at the interface does not obey the local equilibrium condition, as suggested in the previous studies. 13,27) In the case of the highest interface anisotropy, ¼ 0:6, it is observed that the carbon buildup in front of the interface completely vanishes and a high lengthening rate is attained. From these results, we can conclude that the increase of the strength of anisotropy causes a high lengthening rate and sharper tip shapes of the Widmanstätten ferrite plate.…”

Section: Evolution Of Single Widmanstätten Ferrite Platementioning

confidence: 95%

Phase-Field Simulation of Austenite to Ferrite Transformation and Widmanstätten Ferrite Formation in Fe-C Alloy

2006

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The formation process of Widmanstätten ferrite plates during the isothermal austenite to ferrite transformation in Fe-C alloy is simulated by the phase-field method. The effects of the anisotropy of interfacial properties on the growth kinetics of Widmanstätten ferrite plates are investigated by the regularized gradient energy coefficient method, which enables us to introduce a wide range of interface anisotropy. It is found that by employing this method, a very sharp tip of the plate can be simulated and the morphology of Widmanstätten ferrite plate is in good agreement with the experimentally observed one. The simulation results of the growth of a single Widmanstätten ferrite plate suggest that the lengthening rate of the Widmanstätten ferrite plate increases with increasing strength of anisotropy, which causes the increase of interfacial energy at the tip. Furthermore, the simulations of the morphological changes of Widmanstätten ferrite from a grain boundary allotriomorph ferrite are performed. The results clarify that the growth of Widmanstätten ferrite plates from allotriomorph ferrite requires high anisotropy of interfacial energy. It is also proved that, in the early stage of the growth, the plate tips directly formed at the convex part of allotriomorph ferrite can preferentially develop into Widmanstätten ferrite plates due to the morphological instability. The distribution of Widmanstätten ferrite plates depends on the initial interface shape of the grain boundary allotriomorph ferrite.

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“…Phase field models were originally proposed to simulate dendritic growth in undercooled melts but their initial applications to the solid-state austenite-ferrite transformation have been recently reported. 113,114,156,[159][160][161][162][163][164] In general, phase field models provide a powerful methodology to describe phase transformations. This technique can easily handle time-dependent growth geometries, and thus enables the prediction of complex microstructure morphologies.…”

Section: Meso-scale Modelling Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the value for Q is generally accepted there is much debate regarding the pre-exponential factor. 110,[112][113][114] This term is usually employed as an adjustable parameter leading to an apparent mobility that decreases as the temperature increases. To rationalize this effective mobility it has been proposed that alloying elements (e.g.…”

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confidence: 99%

Computer Simulation of Microstructure Evolution in Low Carbon Sheet Steels

Militzer

2007

ISIJ Int.

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Models of microstructure evolution in steels are reviewed. The emphasis of the review is on low carbon sheet steels both hot-rolled and cold-rolled and annealed. First the state-of-the-art on industrial microstructure process models is presented. The individual model concepts for grain growth, recrystallization, precipitation and phase transformations are briefly discussed. The development from empirically-based models to physically-based models is identified as a key issue to have increased predictive capabilities for these models over a wider range of steel grades and operational conditions. The challenges in the development of the next generation of models are delineated. In particular, new aspects of microstructure evolution associated with novel processing routes and advanced high strength steels are evaluated. Further, the majority of the currently employed models are on the macro-scale but future microstructure models will increasingly be meso-scale models that predict actual microstructures rather than a number of average parameters (e.g. grain size, fraction transformed) to describe microstructure evolution.KEY WORDS: mathematical model; microstructure; steel; hot rolling; annealing; grain growth; recrystallization; precipitation; phase transformation. © 2007 ISIJ Reviewvates the development of advanced microstructure models that provide an increased insight into the underlying physical metallurgy principles. Further, AHSS are frequently produced as cold-rolled annealed and/or coated sheets. Here, the intercritical annealing step assumes a crucial role to obtain the desired complex, multi-phase microstructures. Intercritical annealing constitutes a paradigm shift from annealing of conventional steels where no cycling through the transformation region occurs. The added complexity of the annealing routes for AHSS requires the development of novel annealing models that also address austenite formation which has received comparatively little attention in process models.Currently available microstructure models for the production of sheet and other steels are usually formulated on the macro-scale, i.e. the microstructure is described with a number of so-called internal state variables such as grain size, fraction recrystallized and fraction transformed. However, the advances in computer technology make it now feasible to routinely conduct modelling of the microstructure on the meso-scale if not on the atomistic level. In particular the meso-scale approach appears to open a new era of modelling the microstructure evolution in sheet steels. In this methodology actual microstructures can be predicted rather than mean values which have traditionally been used to characterize microstructures. The significance of these new modelling strategies is also fueled by the realization that material properties may markedly depend on morphology and spatial distributions of microstructure constituents. [22][23][24] In this paper, first the models proposed for hot strip rolling are reviewed. Special attention is given to the ...

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A phase-field simulation of austenite to ferrite transformation kinetics in low carbon steels

Cited by 87 publications

References 25 publications

Solidification microstructures and solid-state parallels: Recent developments, future directions

Solidification microstructures and solid-state parallels: Recent developments, future directions

Phase-Field Simulation of Austenite to Ferrite Transformation and Widmanstätten Ferrite Formation in Fe-C Alloy

Computer Simulation of Microstructure Evolution in Low Carbon Sheet Steels

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A phase-field simulation of austenite to ferrite transformation kinetics in low carbon steels

Cited by 87 publications

References 25 publications

Solidification microstructures and solid-state parallels: Recent developments, future directions

Solidification microstructures and solid-state parallels: Recent developments, future directions

Phase-Field Simulation of Austenite to Ferrite Transformation and Widmanst&auml;tten Ferrite Formation in Fe-C Alloy

Computer Simulation of Microstructure Evolution in Low Carbon Sheet Steels

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Phase-Field Simulation of Austenite to Ferrite Transformation and Widmanstätten Ferrite Formation in Fe-C Alloy