A Phase Blending Study on Rubber Blends Based on the Solubility Preference of Curatives

Guo, Rui; Talma, Auke; Datta, Raja; Dierkes, Wilma K.; Noordermeer, Jacobus W.M.

doi:10.1002/mame.200900098

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…A preferential migration of CBS into one of the phases could also explain differences in sulfur distribution. Indeed, the process of vulcanization takes several minutes, enough for the curative ingredients to migrate across phases, and it is a matter of interest in the literature. − Finally, curing parameters are also important factors that can have an effect on the local kinetics of vulcanization, e.g., the temperature and time, which can promote different cross-link distributions and also reversion of one of the phases. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelastic Properties and Sulfur Distribution at the Nanoscale in Binary Elastomeric Blends: Toward Phase-Specific Cross-Link Density Estimations

Fernandes

Federico

Lentzen

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Immiscible blends of elastomers present high technological interest, and the selection of the vulcanization system is important for the optimization of properties for different technical applications. In particular, the effect of the curing agents on the distribution of cross-links in each phase is key for the full comprehension of the structure−property relationships. Aiming at the understanding of the phase-specific network structure in rubber blends, this work presents an innovative strategy for the quantitative characterization of the local viscoelastic properties of immiscible rubber blends by atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. A systematic study on the quantitative nanomechanical characterization by AFM of unfilled single natural rubber (NR) matrixes with different degrees of cross-link densities ultimately allows for the estimation of the phase-specific cross-link density of the NR phase in NR/butadiene rubber (BR) blends, prepared with varying vulcanization systems. Complementary chemical information by highresolution secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging is able to reveal differences in sulfur contents in each elastomeric phase of the blends.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscoelastic Properties and Sulfur Distribution at the Nanoscale in Binary Elastomeric Blends: Toward Phase-Specific Cross-Link Density Estimations

Fernandes

Federico

Lentzen

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…In dissimilar rubber blends, it is known that solubility difference promotes the migration of the curatives across phase boundaries. In sulfur curing systems, for example, the ratio of accelerators to sulfur in each phase, which determines the efficiency of vulcanization, is hardly in correspondence with the formulation given in the initial recipe, which may result in large cure mismatches 8, 9, 26. Here, the migration of the diacid in the more reactive component of the blend probably accelerates further the specific crosslinking of ENR50 at the expense of ENR10.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a treatment triggers crosslinking or chain scission, improving the compatibility between the components of the blend by strengthening the interfacial adhesion. In crosslinkable rubber blends, cure compatibility is another parameter, which may be used to affect the morphology and hence, the mechanical properties of the resulting materials 8, 9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi‐interpenetrating Networks in Blends of Epoxidized Natural Rubbers

Imbernon

Pire

Oikonomou

et al. 2013

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Blends of immiscible ENRs are crosslinked by dicarboxylic acids at 180 ° C in the presence of 1,2-dimethylimidazole. Due to the different epoxidation levels, the cure of ENR50 is complete well before that of ENR10. Depending on the ratio ENR10/ENR50, the blend morphology of the resulting materials, switches from diacid-enriched nodules of ENR50 dispersed in a soft matrix of ENR10 to a continuous texture, giving rise to elastomeric properties. Even in minority, ENR50 is able to create a network by semi-interpenetrating the non-crosslinked ENR10. This behavior is associated with the migration of the dicarboxylic acid into the more reactive ENR50. Since ENR10 remains still available for further crosslinking, the system opens the door to elastomeric materials based on interpenetrated networks.

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“…Because of the successful use of Hansen's model in practice, its use has been recently extended for the selection of elastomer cure agents . Despite early promising outcomes, there were divergent results, particularly with regard to the correct values of cure agents and sulfur HSP, which are reassessed in this present contribution to the subject.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Development of a predictive model for choosing cure agents for elastomer blends

Vebber

Pereira

2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In elastomer blends with either polarity differences or unbalanced double bond concentration, cure agents have a preferential partition to one of the phases, with a tendency of having overcure in one phase and undercure in the other. To achieve proper vulcanization and improved performance in the final product, it is essential to have a correct balance between solubility and miscibility of each of the various cure agents in the elastomer blend composite. Cure agents with varying polarities and various reactivities have different crosslinking densities in the rubber compound. A homogeneous crosslinking density leads to superior mechanical properties. The method presented in this work includes a new tool based on a genetic optimization algorithm for assessing the partitioning of cure agents in different elastomers and their blends. The quantitative data allowed for a series of analyses of the solubility of the cure agents in the elastomer mixtures of different phases and was validated by correlation with their physico-chemical and mechanical properties of the resulting blend. This is an important tool for planning a cure system in rubber blends and to avoid incorrect partitioning of cure agents and consequent uneven curing of the final compound.

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A Phase Blending Study on Rubber Blends Based on the Solubility Preference of Curatives

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Viscoelastic Properties and Sulfur Distribution at the Nanoscale in Binary Elastomeric Blends: Toward Phase-Specific Cross-Link Density Estimations

Viscoelastic Properties and Sulfur Distribution at the Nanoscale in Binary Elastomeric Blends: Toward Phase-Specific Cross-Link Density Estimations

Semi‐interpenetrating Networks in Blends of Epoxidized Natural Rubbers

Development of a predictive model for choosing cure agents for elastomer blends

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