A Pharmacognostic Approach to the <i>Polygala</i> Genus: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects

Klein‐Júnior, Luiz Carlos; Andrade, Sérgio Faloni de; Filho, Valdir Cechinel

doi:10.1002/cbdv.201000319

Cited by 34 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…Additionally, extensive phytochemical evaluations have also been reported28, and a number of compounds have been purified from this herbal medicine. Therefore, abundant information is available to assist in the structural assignment for the current study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical profile of Polygalae Radix has been characterized in a previous study 26 , and the fragmentation patterns of the xanthones, sucrose esters, and triterpene saponins, which serve as the primary chemical categories of the compounds present, have been proposed 26 27 . Additionally, extensive phytochemical evaluations have also been reported 28 , and a number of compounds have been purified from this herbal medicine. Therefore, abundant information is available to assist in the structural assignment for the current study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chromatographic analysis of Polygalae Radix by online hyphenating pressurized liquid extraction

Song

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Practicing “green analytical chemistry” is of great importance when profiling the chemical composition of complex matrices. Herein, a novel hybrid analytical platform was developed for direct chemical analysis of complex matrices by online hyphenating pressurized warm water extraction followed by turbulent flow chromatography coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (PWWE-TFC-LC-MS/MS). Two parallel hollow guard columns acted as extraction vessels connected to a long narrow polyether ether ketone tube, while warm water served as extraction solvent and was delivered at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min to generate considerable back pressure at either vessel. A column oven heated both the solvent and crude materials. A TFC column, which is advantageous for the comprehensive trapping of small molecular substances from fluids under turbulent flow conditions, was employed to transfer analytes from the PWWE module to LC-MS/MS. Two electronic valves alternated each vessel between extraction and elution phases. As a proof-of-concept, a famous herbal medicine for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, namely Polygalae Radix, was selected for the qualitative and quantitative analyses. The results suggest that the hybrid platform is advantageous in terms of decreasing time, material, and solvent consumption and in its automation, versatility, and environmental friendliness.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic analysis of Polygalae Radix by online hyphenating pressurized liquid extraction

Song

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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“…Thus, the distribution of pharmacological active chemicals contributing to these effects should be investigated. 24 The responsible active chemicals are oligosaccharide esters and saponins, which are different to the chemicals in Z. jujuba seeds. Both contribute to the benecial hypnotic effect of Z. jujuba seeds, and the mechanism of action for jujubosides is related to the serotonergic system.…”

Section: Phytochemical Prole Of Z Jujuba Seedsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytochemical analyses of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa seed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Yang

Chen

et al. 2013

Analyst

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Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Z. jujuba) seeds have attracted much attention within the field of medicine due to their significant effects against disturbances of the central nervous system. Secondary metabolites composition is key to the influence of the pharmaceutical and commercial qualities of this plant. In this work, the phytochemical profile of Z. jujuba seeds was analysed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The UPLC-MS/MS information identified the main secondary metabolites in Z. jujuba seeds, including flavonoid C-glycosides, triterpene acids and unsaturated fatty acids. The leading chemical identified by UPLC-MS/MS was betulinic acid, and oleic acid was the leading volatile from the GC-MS results. All the samples tested showed similar phytochemical profiles, but levels of the chemical compounds varied. Principal component analysis revealed the principal secondary metabolites that could define the differences in quality. It was confirmed that the combination of UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS was an effective technique to demonstrate the pharmaceutical quality of Z. jujuba seeds.

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“…In China, triterpene saponins, which are derived from this herb, were one of the principal components of some medicines, given their chemical and pharmacological properties [ 6 ]. P. tenuifolia contains 34 different oleanane-type triterpene saponins, belonging to the groups of onjisaponins and polygalasaponins [ 7 ]. However, to date, steroidal saponins as secondary metabolites have not been identified in the plant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Two Cycloartenol Synthases for Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Polygala tenuifolia Willd

Jin¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

2017

IJMS

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Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) are enzymes that play a key role in control of the biosynthesis of phytosterols and triterpene saponins. In order to uncover OSC genes from Polygala tenuifolia seedlings induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), RNA-sequencing analysis was performed using the Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 148,488,632 high-quality reads from two samples (control and the MeJA treated) were generated. We screened genes related to phytosterol and triterpene saponin biosynthesis and analyzed the transcriptional changes of differentially expressed unigene (DEUG) values calculated by fragments per kilobase million (FPKM). In our datasets, two full-length cDNAs of putative OSC genes, PtCAS1, and PtCAS2, were found, in addition to the PtBS (β-amyrin synthase) gene reported in our previous studies and the two cycloartenol synthase genes of P. tenuifolia. All genes were isolated and characterized in yeast cells. The functional expression of the two PtCAS genes in yeast cells showed that the genes all produce a cycloartenol as the sole product. When qRT-PCR analysis from different tissues was performed, the expressions of PtCAS1 and PtCAS2 were highest in flowers and roots, respectively. After MeJA treatment, the transcripts of PtCAS1 and PtCAS2 genes increased by 1.5- and 2-fold, respectively. Given these results, we discuss the potential roles of the two PtCAS genes in relation to triterpenoid biosynthesis.

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A Pharmacognostic Approach to the Polygala Genus: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects

Cited by 34 publications

References 128 publications

Chromatographic analysis of Polygalae Radix by online hyphenating pressurized liquid extraction

Chromatographic analysis of Polygalae Radix by online hyphenating pressurized liquid extraction

Phytochemical analyses of Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa seed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Two Cycloartenol Synthases for Phytosterol Biosynthesis in Polygala tenuifolia Willd

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