A pH-mediated field amplification sample stacking technique based on portable microchip electrophoresis heavy metal ion detection system

PCB-C4D coupled with paper-based microfluidic sampling for the rapid detection of liquid conductivity

“…[25][26][27] The application of printed circuit board (PCB) technology for the fabrication of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (PCB-C 4 D) electrodes, in lieu of traditional li-off processes, presents a cost-effective and durable alternative. [28][29][30] This innovative approach, demonstrated by Yang et al, [31][32][33] showcases the versatility of PCB-C 4 D electrodes when combined with microchip electrophoresis, enabling the in situ detection of multiple ions. Furthermore, PCB-C 4 D can be independently utilized for direct conductivity measurements by simply dropping the solution onto the electrode, facilitating the determination of liquid electrical conductivity.…”