A Persuasive System for Stress Detection and Management in an Educational Environment

Wearables for Stress Management: A Scoping Review

“…Each icon is accompanied by a number to the right, within parentheses, representing the frequency with which the device has been identified in the studies. In Figure 3, it can be seen that wrist-worn devices (N = 35, 87.50%) are the most commonly used among users [26,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60], followed by devices worn on the torso (N = 19, 47%) [25,42,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68], which include nine smart chest bands, five smart pins, and five patches; the head (N = 3, 7.5%) [62,69,70]; and the eyes (N = 2, 5%) [46,47], i.e., smart glasses; the neck (N = 2, 5%) [71,72], including a scarf and necklace, and the arm (N = 2, 5%) [73,74]; and the fingers (N = 3, 7.5%) [49,68,75]. We found...…”

“…We identified 21 studies (52.5%) that report the use of commercial devices, such as Empatica E4, Spire Stone, Stila and Apple Watch, and Doppel [25,26,42,46,47,50,51,53-56,58-61, 63-65,69,70,77]. Only 11 of them used custom-made software [14,[46][47][48]50,56,58,63,64,70,78], 4 used commercial software (e.g., Breathe, Lief app, Stila, Wahoo) [25,51,61,77], and 5 do not report whether using commercial or custom-made software [65,69,72,74,76]. Moreover, 11 studies (37.9%) reported using a custom-made wearable device [41,[43][44][45]52,62,67,[71][72][73]76].…”

“…It shows that 24 studies (60%) reported using Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measured from ECG or PPG sensors [26,[41][42][43]45,46,48,51,52,55,56,[59][60][61][62][63][64]67,68,70,72,76,78]. Other physiological signals reported are respiration rate (N = 5, 12.5%) [25,63,74,76,77], brain activity monitored with EEG sensors (N = 4, 10%) [62,65,69,70], galvanic skin response (N = 13, 32.5%) [14,26,42,44,48,49,[56][57][58][59]68,73,75], temperature (N = 6, 15%) [43,49,53,59,…”

“…Finally, the fourth column describes the intervention supported by wearable devices. In Table 1, we can identify the following findings: visual modality is the most used to provide stress feedback level (N = 26, 65%) [25,26,41,44,45,47,52,[54][55][56][57][58][62][63][64]66,69,70,74,[76][77][78], followed by the auditory modality (N = 11, 27.7%) [43][44][45][46][47]52,54,[69][70][71], tactile (N = 10, 27.58%) [42,44,54,55,61,65,71,72,74] and olfactory (N = 3, 3.44%) [52,67,78]. For instance, BreatheWell Wear is an app running on mobile phones of users wearing smartwatches [54].…”

“…Instead, they describe interventions designed to give feedback about users' stress levels [51,73]. In this sense, 20 (50%) studies, including the two mentioned previously, describe interventions designed to provide stress level feedback [25,26,41,51,54,[56][57][58][61][62][63][64]70,[72][73][74][75][76][77]. As shown in Table 1, they all used the visual (V) modality.…”