A perspective overview on lipospheres as lipid carrier systems

Abstract

Both hydrophilic and lipophilic therapeutics can be delivered successfully into deep and peripheral tissues such as cerebrospinal fluid and central nervous system by encapsulating them with crystalline lipids as lipospheres. The advent of lipospheres was meant to deliver both therapeutic moieties with enhanced efficacy and added stability to reach out intended tissue areas. Although extensive information is available on physicochemical, analytical and biopharmaceutical aspects of lipospheres, there was no specific order pertaining to critical composition and rationale of component selection available for academic and pilot scale processing of lipospheres. With the interest of compiling key points in a typical formulation of lipid lipospheres, this article was intrigued to discuss melt method, co-solvent, microemulsion, super critical fluid, spray drying and spray congealing techniques that were employed to scale up lipospheres. The selection criteria for both the drugs and lipids in liposphere formulations were demonstrated here. The quality assessment with variables like loading capacity and entrapment efficiency was explained. A note on preliminary screening factors to determine the liposphere formation such as liposphere dimensions with morphological scenario was detailed in this article. This article also includes the stability and storage issues with reference to photolysis. The marked differential in enhancing solubility and permeability characteristics of Class II and IV drug candidates by liposphere delivery systems with an evident of in vivo outcomes were emphasized.

Dry Powder Inhalers: A Focus on Advancements in Novel Drug Delivery Systems

“…Due to their solid lipid matrix, controlled release from these carriers is achievable which is essential to provide the drug over a prolonged period of time with improved bioavailability and physicochemical stability [42]. …”

Membrane Permeability of Fatty Acyl Compounds Studied via Molecular Simulation

“…Some preliminary hints as to the properties of the optimal product come from the pharmaceutical industry, where the challenge is to deliver drugs as efficiently as possible to the cell interior, effectively reversing the process pursued here. For a compound to be internalized, it must (1) leave its carrier, which can be a complex organic lattice such as a liposphere or organic nanosheet, , (2) enter the outer leaflet of the cell membrane, and (3) flip across the membrane bilayer, which is exactly the reverse of the process under study here (Figure ). It has been recognized that typically these compounds should be sufficiently lipophilic to permeate across the membrane but also soluble enough to be distributable by the bloodstream. − The solubility and lipophilicity therefore need to be balanced for best results, a pattern repeated here for fatty acyl product extraction.…”

Production and Characterization of a Clotrimazole Liposphere Gel for Candidiasis Treatment

“…Because of their properties, LS have been proposed for the delivery of many drugs (e.g. , antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antiepilepsy, hypoglycemic, vasodilator, antibiotics, anticancer agents, and vaccines) by oral, cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular administration [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Nonetheless, to our knowledge, LS have never been proposed for vaginal administration.…”