A Perspective on the Roles of Adjuvants in Developing Highly Potent COVID-19 Vaccines

Zhang, Naru; Li, Kangchen; Liu, Zezhong; Nandakumar, Kutty Selva; Jiang, Shibo

doi:10.3390/v14020387

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…However, vaccines with the potential to cause anaphylaxis should undergo strict safety and efficacy evaluations [ 23 ]. Adjuvants are commonly formulated in vaccines, and they have been demonstrated to enhance the immunogenicity and effectiveness of vaccine candidates [ 24 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Viruses

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The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become more serious because of the continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOC), thus calling for the development of broad-spectrum vaccines with greater efficacy. Adjuvants play important roles in enhancing the immunogenicity of protein-based subunit vaccines. In this study, we compared the effect of three adjuvants, including aluminum, nanoparticle manganese and MF59, on the immunogenicity of three protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including RBD-Fc, RBD and S-trimer. We found that the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant elicited the highest titers of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, as well as neutralizing antibodies against infection by pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 and its Delta variant. What is more, the nanoparticle manganese adjuvant effectively reduced the viral load of the authentic SARS-CoV-2 and Delta variant in the cell culture supernatants. These results suggest that nanoparticle manganese, known to facilitate cGAS-STING activation, is an optimal adjuvant for protein-based COVID-19 subunit vaccines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…However, several other adjuvants have been developed and approved for use in licensed human vaccines. In addition to those formulated with aluminum salts, Imiquimod (R837), RIBI-529, oil-in-water emulsions (AS03, AF03, and MF59), and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist substances such as TLR9based agonists are used in synthetic DNA sequences (CpG 1018), consisting of MPL (TLR4 agonist) and QS-21, as the adjuvant AS01B [70,85,86].…”

Section: Dna/rna Vaccine Delivery Systems: a Path To Improve Immunoge...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Effect of Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Treatment of HPV-Related Cancers: An Overview of Delivery Systems

et al. 2022

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Prophylactic vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) have proven efficacy in those who have not been infected by the virus. However, they do not benefit patients with established tumors. Therefore, the development of therapeutic options for HPV-related malignancies is critical. Third-generation vaccines based on nucleic acids are fast and simple approaches to eliciting adaptive immune responses. However, techniques to boost immunogenicity, reduce degradation, and facilitate their capture by immune cells are frequently required. One option to overcome this constraint is to employ delivery systems that allow selective antigen absorption and help modulate the immune response. This review aimed to discuss the influence of these different systems on the response generated by nucleic acid vaccines. The results indicate that delivery systems based on lipids, polymers, and microorganisms such as yeasts can be used to ensure the stability and transport of nucleic acid vaccines to their respective protein synthesis compartments. Thus, in view of the limitations of nucleic acid-based vaccines, it is important to consider the type of delivery system to be used—due to its impact on the immune response and desired final effect.

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“…To enhance the immune response, the vaccine formulation may require adjuvants [ 37 ]. The most used adjuvant in COVID-19 vaccines is aluminum salt, which includes either aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate [ 38 ]. In addition to enhancing IgG1 titers and neutralizing antibodies, the adjuvant is durable and plays an essential role in reducing vaccine doses [ 39 ].…”

Section: Vaccine Formulation and Their Complicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses

Abufares

Alsoud

Alqudah

et al. 2022

IJMS

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The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has captivated the globe’s attention since its emergence in 2019. This highly infectious, spreadable, and dangerous pathogen has caused health, social, and economic crises. Therefore, a worldwide collaborative effort was made to find an efficient strategy to overcome and develop vaccines. The new vaccines provide an effective immune response that safeguards the community from the virus’ severity. WHO has approved nine vaccines for emergency use based on safety and efficacy data collected from various conducted clinical trials. Herein, we review the safety and effectiveness of the WHO-approved COVID-19 vaccines and associated immune responses, and their impact on improving the public’s health. Several immunological studies have demonstrated that vaccination dramatically enhances the immune response and reduces the likelihood of future infections in previously infected individuals. However, the type of vaccination and individual health status can significantly affect immune responses. Exposure of healthy individuals to adenovirus vectors or mRNA vaccines causes the early production of antibodies from B and T cells. On the other hand, unhealthy individuals were more likely to experience harmful events due to relapses in their existing conditions. Taken together, aligning with the proper vaccination to a patient’s case can result in better outcomes.

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A Perspective on the Roles of Adjuvants in Developing Highly Potent COVID-19 Vaccines

Cited by 23 publications

References 61 publications

Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant

Effect of Different Adjuvants on Immune Responses Elicited by Protein-Based Subunit Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Its Delta Variant

Enhancing the Effect of Nucleic Acid Vaccines in the Treatment of HPV-Related Cancers: An Overview of Delivery Systems

COVID-19 Vaccines, Effectiveness, and Immune Responses

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