A perspective on reverse osmosis water desalination: Quest for sustainability

2D Nanosheets and Their Composite Membranes for Water, Gas, and Ion Separation

“…TheR Op rocess for seawater desalination produces 65 %ofall the drinkable water worldwide. [2] Recent water scarcity issues have drawn attention to the RO process as am ajor water production technology.I on separation membranes,c ation exchange membranes,a nd anion exchange membranes use an electrical potential difference by application of an electric field to force ions to pass from the feed side to the receiving side.I on exchange membranes separate monovalent and/or multivalent ions to remove salts or ions from feed liquids such as brackish water, seawater, glycol, and glycerine.S ince membrane-based gas separation processes have av ery small carbon footprint and low energy consumption, these processes can be much smaller than other technologies.W ith these advantages, membrane-based gas separation applications have been used for many compact processes such as offshore gas separation plants,n atural gas production and purification, and removal of volatile fumes in airplane fuel tanks. Gas production applications such as hydrogen production, air separation for nitrogen production and oxygen enrichment, carbon dioxide (CO 2 )separation for natural gas purification, and olefin/paraffin separation have been am ain target for membrane gas separation technology.M ore recently, environmental problems such as global warming by greenhouse gases have pointed to membrane-based separation as ameans to remove and sequester CO 2 from industrial sources.…”

How RO membrane permeability and other performance factors affect process cost and energy use: A review

“…However, less than 1% of fresh water is available, and most of the available water in the world presents as either salty seawater or icecaps [1,5,6]. The acceptable salinity for drinking water is below 500 ppm, except for special cases in which it may rise to 1,000 ppm [1,5], and boron concentration is normally limited below 0.5 ppm [7]. Therefore, many regions that lack adequate fresh water resources have turned to desalination of salty to supply drinking water; and other regions are actively discussing this approach.…”

“…RO technology can produce fresh water by applying pressure which is higher than the osmotic pressure of raw water. The raw water source treated by RO may be divided into seawater, brackish water, and others [1,3,5,[7][8][9][10][11]. Seawater is the most used feed raw water source accounting for about 57.5% of the desalination capacity contracted between 2015 and June 2018, while brackish water accounts for 18.5% [8,9].…”

2D Nanosheets and Their Composite Membranes for Water, Gas, and Ion Separation

“…Significantly, the RO process is the most widely applied water desalination technology due to its low cost and energy consumption. The RO process for seawater desalination produces 65 % of all the drinkable water worldwide . Recent water scarcity issues have drawn attention to the RO process as a major water production technology.…”