A perspective on organic electrode materials and technologies for next generation batteries

Esser, Birgit; Dolhem, Franck; Bécuwe, Matthieu; Poizot, Philippe; Vlad, Alexandru; Brandell, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228814

Cited by 158 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 248 publications

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“…Impossibility to handle even in a dry room, dismiss these chemistries for practical Liion cell applications, aspect acknowledged recently by the organic battery community as the immediate and urgent problem to solve if an all-organic Li-ion technology (akin to current inorganic) is to emerge. 7,12,13 The state-of-the-art for organic Li-ion positive electrodes (n-type, Li-containing, air stable) is nearly absent to date. Pioneering developments have been just proposed in 2018, with electron withdrawing substituted quinones 14,15 , through sacrificial metal mediated charge delocalization 16 , or through stereoelectronic chameleonic effect 17 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated sulfonamides as a class of organic lithium-ion positive electrodes

et al. 2020

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The applicability of organic battery materials in conventional rocking-chair Li-ion cells remains deeply challenged by the lack of lithium-containing and air stable organic positive electrode chemistries. Decades-long experimental and theoretical research in the field resulted in only few recent examples of Li-reservoir materials, all relying on the archetypal carbonyl redox chemistry. Here, we extend the chemical space of organic Li-ion positive electrode materials with a new class of conjugated sulfonamides (CSA) and show that the electron delocalization on the sulfonyl groups endows the resulting CSAs with intrinsic oxidation and hydrolysis resistance while handled in ambient air, yet displaying reversible electrochemistry for charge storage. The formal redox potential of the uncovered CSAs chemistries spans a wide range between 2.85 -3.45 V (vs. Li + /Li 0 ), finely tuneable through electrostatic or inductive molecular design. This class of organic Li-ion positive electrode materials is the first one to consequentially challenge the inorganic battery cathodes realm, as this first generation of CSA chemistries already displays gravimetric energy storage metrics comparable to those of stereotypical LiFePO4.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conjugated sulfonamides as a class of organic lithium-ion positive electrodes

et al. 2020

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“…Theoretically, the anion doping/dedoping mechanism allows p‐type polymers to be used as anodes or/and cathodes for anion rocking‐chair batteries, or cathodes for dual‐ion batteries [7–9] . However, since the redox potential regions of most p‐type polymers are located at 3.0–4.5 V vs. Li + /Li, they are more appropriate as cathodes to construct dual‐ion batteries by coupling with relatively low‐potential anodes including carbons, inorganics, and n‐type organics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of Polyphenothiazine as a High‐Performance p‐Type Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Wang

Han

et al. 2021

ChemSusChem

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p‐Type electroactive polymers are promising cathodes for dual‐ion batteries but cost‐effective candidates are still lacking. In this study, the p‐type polymer polyphenothiazine (PPTZ) is synthesized by a facile one‐step oxidation polymerization from the low‐cost phenothiazine (PTZ) monomer. As a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries, PPTZ shows superior electrochemical performance to previously reported PTZ‐based polymers with complicated structures and syntheses. For example, PPTZ has a high reversible capacity of 157 mAh g−1 within 2.5–4.3 V vs. Li+/Li with an average discharge voltage of 3.5 V, and a high capacity retention of 77 % after 500 cycles. The highly reversible one‐electron redox mechanism of PPTZ is also investigated in detail by electrochemical testing, ex situ FT‐IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. PPTZ has the potential to serve as an attractive p‐type cathode material for practical applications and the facile synthesis may be also extended to other polymer cathodes based on N‐heteroaromatic units.

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“… 1 , 2 Significant research focus has therefore been put on replacing inorganic energy storage materials used in traditional lithium-ion batteries with sustainable, earth-abundant, low CO 2 footprint, and cheap organic materials (containing C, H, O, N) that, in addition, would provide simplified end-of-use treatments. 3 − 12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rocking-Chair Proton Batteries with Conducting Redox Polymer Active Materials and Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

Wang

Emanuelsson

Karlsson

et al. 2021

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Rechargeable batteries that use redox-active organic compounds are currently considered an energy storage technology for the future. Functionalizing redox-active groups onto conducting polymers to make conducting redox polymers (CRPs) can effectively solve the low conductivity and dissolution problems of redox-active compounds. Here, we employ a solution-processable postdeposition polymerization (PDP) method, where the rearrangements ensured by partial dissolution of intermediated trimer during polymerization were found significant to produce high-performance CRPs. We show that quinizarin (Qz)- and naphthoquinone (NQ)-based CRPs can reach their theoretical capacity through optimization of the polymerization conditions. Combining the two CRPs, with the Qz-CRP as a cathode, the NQ-CRP as an anode, and a protic ionic liquid electrolyte, yields a 0.8 V proton rocking-chair battery. The conducting additive-free all-organic proton battery exhibits a capacity of 62 mAh/g and a capacity retention of 80% after 500 cycles using rapid potentiostatic charging and galvanostatic discharge at 4.5 C.

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A perspective on organic electrode materials and technologies for next generation batteries

Cited by 158 publications

References 248 publications

Conjugated sulfonamides as a class of organic lithium-ion positive electrodes

Conjugated sulfonamides as a class of organic lithium-ion positive electrodes

Facile Synthesis of Polyphenothiazine as a High‐Performance p‐Type Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Rocking-Chair Proton Batteries with Conducting Redox Polymer Active Materials and Protic Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

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