A perspective on orchid seed and protocorm development

Yeung, Edward C.

doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0188-4

Cited by 130 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 96 publications

(139 reference statements)

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“…Seed and protocorm development is reviewed in this issue by Yeung ( 2017 ), including discussion of mycorrhizal associations and the survival of orchid seeds and plantlets in their natural habitats. Clearly, the role of mycorrhizal fungi is crucial to the survival of self-sustaining populations of orchids, but there is much research still to be conducted before we fully understand the mycorrhizal associations, especially with epiphytic orchid species.…”

Section: Understanding Mycorrhizal Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century?

2018

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With c. 28,000 species, orchids are one of the largest families of flowering plants, and they are also one of the most threatened, in part due to their complex life history strategies. Threats include habitat destruction and climate change, but many orchids are also threatened by unsustainable (often illegal and/or undocumented) harvest for horticulture, food or medicine. The level of these threats now outstrips our abilities to combat them at a species-by-species basis for all species in such a large group as Orchidaceae; if we are to be successful in conserving orchids for the future, we will need to develop approaches that allow us to address the threats on a broader scale to complement focused approaches for the species that are identified as being at the highest risk.

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Section: Understanding Mycorrhizal Associationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century?

2018

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“…Despite these anatomical and cellular similarities between PLB induction and zygotic embryogenesis, molecularly, zygotic embryogenesis in Phalaenopsis aphrodite is considered different from PLB formation, and that induction of PLBs follows a different route from the embryogenic program [29]. One explanation for these differences is a consequence of the degree of speciation for the development of the embryogenic program in orchids, which follows a very specific pattern and different from the conventional embryogenic program occurring in species of other families, such as the absence of endosperm development and gene expression for establishing symbiotic relationships during seed germination process [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows breeders to incorporate numerous traits of interest into a single plant, which brings the innovative aspect of flower production as well as the advance in breeding, using these same mostly fertile hybrids for the advancement of generations of crosses and obtaining new hybrids. This high hybridization capacity may be a result of the specific process of embryogenic development and later protocorm development that occur in orchids [15]. In other species, it has been reported that lack of hybridization and hybrid seed abortion is associated with disruption of proper endosperm development or mismatch between endosperm development and embryo [16]; and zygotic embryogenesis in family Orchidaceae, embryo development occurs in the absence of endosperm [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Orchid Protocorm-Like Bodies: Mass Propagation, Biotechnology, Molecular Aspects, and Breeding

Cardoso

Zanello

Chen

2020

IJMS

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The process through induction, proliferation and regeneration of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) is one of the most advantageous methods for mass propagation of orchids which applied to the world floricultural market. In addition, this method has been used as a tool to identify genes of interest associated with the production of PLBs, and also in breeding techniques that use biotechnology to produce new cultivars, such as to obtain transgenic plants. Most of the molecular studies developed have used model plants as species of Phalaenopsis, and interestingly, despite similarities to somatic embryogenesis, some molecular differences do not yet allow to characterize that PLB induction is in fact a type of somatic embryogenesis. Despite the importance of species for conservation and collection purposes, the flower market is supported by hybrid cultivars, usually polyploid, which makes more detailed molecular evaluations difficult. Studies on the effect of plant growth regulators on induction, proliferation, and regeneration of PLBs are the most numerous. However, studies of other factors and new technologies affecting PLB production such as the use of temporary immersion bioreactors and the use of lighting-emitting diodes have emerged as new tools for advancing the technique with increasing PLB production efficiency. In addition, recent studies on Phalaenopsis equestris genome sequencing have enabled more detailed molecular studies and the molecular characterization of plantlets obtained from this technique currently allow the technique to be evaluated in a more comprehensive way regarding its real applications and main limitations aiming at mass propagation, such as somaclonal variation.

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“…Under the co-existence with mycorrhizal fungi, orchid seeds can germinate and develop into unique seedling structures called protocorms that consist of parenchyma cells [17]. Then, further development of the protocorm into plant is also supported by their mycorrhizal fungi.…”

Section: Orchid Mycorrhiza and Its Role In Orchid Seed Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Orchids can obtain nutrients by digesting them [18]. It is likely that the site of hyphal entry can be the determinant factor for the success in symbiotic associations [17]. Although many fungal hyphae prefer suspensors for their entry, it has been shown that only the fungal hyphae which enter through rhizoids and not suspensors can establish successful mycorrhizal association in Dactyloriza majalis [19].…”

Section: Orchid Mycorrhiza and Its Role In Orchid Seed Germinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into the Symbiotic Relationship between Orchids and Fungi

Yeh¹,

Chung

Liang

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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Mycorrhizas play an important role in plant growth and development. In mycorrhizal symbioses, fungi supply soil mineral nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, to their host plants in exchange for carbon resources. Plants gain as much as 80% of mineral nutrient requirements from mycorrhizal fungi, which form associations with the roots of over 90% of all plant species. Orchid seeds lack endosperms and contain very limited storage reserves. Therefore, the symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi that form endomycorrhizas is essential for orchid seed germination and protocorm development under natural conditions. The rapid advancement of next-generation sequencing contributes to identifying the orchid and fungal genes involved in the orchid mycorrhizal symbiosis and unraveling the molecular mechanisms regulating the symbiosis. We aim to update and summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms on orchid-fungus symbiosis, and the main focus will be on the nutrient exchange between orchids and their fungal partners. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 585 2 of 14 sheath, which functions as a plant-fungus interface, surrounding the epidermal and outer cortical cells. The interface is used for the bidirectional nutrient transfer between a plant and its fungal partner [7]. (2) Endomycorrhiza: the fungi possess specific types of hyphae such as arbuscules and coils to penetrate and grow inside of the root cells of host plants [3]. Endomycorrhizas can be further classified as ectendomycorrhizas, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid, orchid and arbuscular mycorrhizas based on the specificity of plant families and the type of internal hyphae [3,8]. Ectomycorrhizas are also alternatively represented as arbuscular mycorrhizas because the class is the most prevalent type of mycorrhizae, as shown in approximately 71% of all vascular plant species [1,9].The Orchidaceae is the largest family of flowering plants including over 700 genera and about 30,000-35,000 species and still hundreds of new species displaying variable floral features, lifestyles, habitat distributions and trophic patterns are being discovered and developed every year [10,11]. Mycorrhizas in orchid species are highly important throughout their whole life including germination and further development. In this article, we provide a brief review of the roles of mycorrhizas in orchid growth and development and the current understanding of the mechanisms in nutrient exchange between orchids and their fungal partners.

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A perspective on orchid seed and protocorm development

Cited by 130 publications

References 96 publications

Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century?

Orchid conservation: how can we meet the challenges in the twenty-first century?

An Overview of Orchid Protocorm-Like Bodies: Mass Propagation, Biotechnology, Molecular Aspects, and Breeding

New Insights into the Symbiotic Relationship between Orchids and Fungi

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