A perceptual maze test sensitive to brain damage

Benton, Arthur L.; Elithorn, Alick; Fogel, Max L.; Kerr, Myfanwy

doi:10.1136/jnnp.26.6.540

Cited by 55 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The first hypothesis is supported by the finding that in right temporal lobectomized patients the ablation of a major part of the hippocampus appeared to be decisive in lowering performance (Milner, 1965;Corkin, 1965 (Elithorn, 1955) or the translation of perceptual informations into complex locomotor behaviour, as in the route finding test described by Semmes et al (1955). In these cases right hemisphere dominance shifts towards asymmetry of functions (Benton, Elithorn, Fogel, and Kerr, 1963), or equipotentiality of the two posterior regions (Semmes et al, 1955). The close association between poor scores and language disorders found both in the Elithorn test (Colonna and Faglioni, 1966) and in the route finding test (Semmes, Weinstein, Ghent, and Teuber, 1963) may be interpreted as evidence that the impairment shown by left brain-damaged patients is due to the lack of the aid provided to the performance by verbal mediation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Judgment of spatial orientation in patients with focal brain damage

Renzi

Faglioni

Scotti

1971

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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Normal subjects reproduced the orientation of the rod on the horizontal plane with a constant error which was found to be dependent on the position of the model. Clockwise deviations were made when the model was on the left and counterclockwise deviations when the model was on the right. The constant error was present in left brain-damaged patients too, while it was not significantly different from zero in right brain-damaged patients. A systematic error was also found on the vertical plane and it consisted in the tendency to stop the rod below the level of the standard.Findings derived from clinical case study and experimental research support the view that there is both a regional and a hemispheric specialization of the cerebral cortex for spatial functions in the sense that impairment in these functions is associated more closely with damage to posterior than to anterior areas of the brain and of the right more than of the left hemisphere. The evidence, however, is not entirely consistent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Judgment of spatial orientation in patients with focal brain damage

Renzi

Faglioni

Scotti

1971

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry

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“…In preparing the earlier rectangular version of this test (Elithorn, 1955), it appeared that m c u l t solutions possessed all or some of the following characteristics :…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In practice, single factor theories postulate at lea& one specific, or group factor in relation to any particular test performance and some current workers tend to regard the concept of a single factor for intelligence-the ability to educe relationships-as an artefact of the statistical approach to the study of thinking. The work of several psychologists, (Halstead, 1947;Teuber, 1950) as well as the studies of the present authors (Elithorn, 1955; Elithorn, Kerr t Mott, 1960), has recently underlined the importance of perceptual integrative mechanisms as correlates of the ability to order data intelligently. This approach appears to stem from.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Such a task in the form of an intelligence test has been described in two previous papers (Elithorn, 1955;Elithorn et 'al. 1960).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The early observations showed that this test has internal consistency and suggested that an ability which 32 A. ELITHORN, D. JONES, M. KERR AND D. LEE contributes to performance in other intelligence tests is reliably sampled. These conclusions and the observations that the test is sensitive to frontal and temporal lobe damage have been confirmed by a more recent study undertaken in America by Prof. Arthur Benton (Benton, Elithorn, Fogel & Kerr, 1963). The present experiment makes a first step in investigating systematically the sources of difficulty in this material by studying the effects of varying two parameters, the size of the lattice through which a path was to be traced and the number of target dots which are superimposed on the lattice (see Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of the Variation of Two Physical Parameters on Empirical Difficulty in a Perceptual Maze Test

Elithorn

Jones

Kerr

et al. 1964

British J of Psychology

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An improved version of a perceptual maze test, which has been shown to be sensitive to frontal and temporal lobe damage, is described. The present test possesses a fully binary structure and parameters describing the task are now more easily definable. An experiment is reported in which the effect of varying two of these parameters, size and density of pattern, was examined. In order to minimize differential practice effects, a 36 x 36 random Latin square design waa used, 36 normal subjects being tested with 36 patterns. The results show that the effect of the variation of these two parameters on the difficulty experienced by the subject in solving the teak is reilably pronounced.

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The Benton, porteus and WAIS digit span tests with normal and brain-injured subjects

Šterne

1969

J. Clin. Psychol.

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Among the more effective psychological teat indicators of brain injury, paper and pencil maze problema(6, 6 -7), and those involving brief, timed exposure to geometric designs with immediate reproduction (*. *. ') have demonstrated considerable promise. The Benton Visual Retention Teat and the Porteus Mazes have been among the more commonly employed, in part because of their convenience, availability and economy. Memory span for digits has also been widely utilized in tests of intelligence, and poor performance is often used as an indication of mental impairment. METHODAs part of a project to compare discriminative ability and measure the degree to which the results of the Benton could be substituted for the Portem, the former was administered to 155 male patients in a VA general hospital and the latter to 140 of these. All the Ss were also given the WAIS. The Ss ranged in age from 19 to 80 years, M = 46.2, SD 11.4, and in I& with a mean of 96.3 f 12.8. Of the 155 Ss, 51 were classified as normal (without indications of brain injury), 49 were designated as organic (brain damaged), 44 were categorized as indeterminate, and ll were unclassified. Four criteria of organicity were employed: positive neurological signs, a positive electroencephalogram, an organic pictuie in psychological testing, and current, objective medical evidence of organic brain damage, such as the residuals of a cerebral vascular accident. For our purpoees, a patient was classified as organic if two or more of the criteria were fulfilled. Thoee patients to whom only a single criterion applied were grouped as indeterminate, and those for whom adequate clinical data were not available constituted the unclassified group.The correlation between the number of correct reproductions and number of errors on the Benton has been described as about .85, while the association of teat scores with intelligence in normal Ss approaches .7(1). An appreciable negative relationship with age is also routinely demonstrated. No association in 117 normal adult Ss between Porteus scores and age was found by this investigator though a correlation of the order of .4 was obtained with intelligence. Digit Span score correlations with WAIS I Q s in the range of .6 are reported ( 8 , p -n) as is a curvilinear but generally negative relationship with age. RESULTSIN TEE " m m m G m m TAB= 1. MEAN SCOREB, STANDAUD DIOVXATIONS AND SIONIRCANCEI OF D I~~~B E N W N o d (N = 51) Indeterminate (N = 44) Organic (N = (49) b 41.3 f 8.6 44.6 f 10.3 53.2 f 12.2-

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A perceptual maze test sensitive to brain damage

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

Judgment of spatial orientation in patients with focal brain damage

Judgment of spatial orientation in patients with focal brain damage

The Effects of the Variation of Two Physical Parameters on Empirical Difficulty in a Perceptual Maze Test

The Benton, porteus and WAIS digit span tests with normal and brain-injured subjects

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