A partially testable, predictive model of psychosocial factors in the etiology of cervical cancer ii. bioimmunological, psychoneuroimmunological, and socioimmunological aspects, critique and prospective integration

Abstract

This review is the companion to the foregoing paper critically reviewing research on the biological, psychological and social aspects of the etiology of cervical cancer. The immune system mediates some (but not all) of the effects of these factors. Factors with relevant immunological associations for cervical oncogenesis are examined here. A critical review of research presented in both papers is offered at the conclusion of each aspect. This is followed by a tabular summary of the immunological studies relevant to the biological, psychological and social aspects of cervical cancer. Estimated likelihoods of association for the immunological factors selected within each aspect are given based upon both the number and quality of studies conducted, and are followed by selected comments. The paper concludes with a theoretical integration of the entire model (represented in both reviews) and the promulgation of a set of integrative hypotheses across domains (including their immunological aspects) for the purpose of illustrating the potential utility of this model in addressing future research questions.

A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial of a Bereavement Support Group Intervention in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Seropositive and –Seronegative Homosexual Men

“…Among the control variables for grief were baseline social support availability and active coping style frequency. Both variables have been demonstrated in prior SSC model [45][46][47] studies with HIV-1-seropositive and HIV-1-seronegative homosexual men to have ameliorating effects on overall distress generally 14,16 and were extended here to the setting of bereavement. A control for degree of loss anticipation was also required, as supported by early work on predictors of postbereavement adjustment.…”

A Research Derived Bereavement Support Group Technique for the Hiv-1 Infected

“…Prior findings from our studies of progression of HIV infection [3, 4, [9][10][11][12] documented that three psychosocial factors-life stressors, social support, and coping style-predicted variance in psychological distress, immune measures, and clinical health in HN-infected individuals, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. These three factors form the basis of a theory-driven, empirically supported biopsychosocial research model [3,4,[9][10][11][12] that underlies the bereavement-specific aspects of the intervention described herein.…”

“…These three factors form the basis of a theory-driven, empirically supported biopsychosocial research model [3,4,[9][10][11][12] that underlies the bereavement-specific aspects of the intervention described herein. First, increased frequency of major stressful life events, decreased availability of social support, and decreased frequency of active coping style have been associated with increased levels of psychological distress [lo].…”

Psycho‐oncology: Its aims, achievements and future tasks

“…A theoretical psychobiological model for cancer has been constructed by Greer and Watson (1985) and Pettingale (1985). Recently, Goodkin et al (1993a, 1993b have gone further; they have constructed a partially predictive model for cervical cancer with testable hypotheses which integrate psychosocial and immune factors. This model represents an important contribution to psychobiological cancer research.…”