A Parkinson’s disease patient displaying increased neuromelanin-sensitive areas in the substantia nigra after rehabilitation with tDCS: a case report

Ishikuro, Koji; Hattori, Noriaki; Imanishi, Rieko; Furuya, Kohta; Nakata, T.; Dougu, Nobuhiro; Yamamoto, Mamoru; Konishi, H.; Nukui, Takamasa; Hayashi, Tadao; Anada, Ryoko; Matsuda, Noriyuki; Hirosawa, Hiroaki; Tanaka, Ryo; Shibata, Takashi; Mori, Koichi; Noguchi, Kyo; Kuroda, Satoshi; Nakatsuji, Yuji; Nishijo, Hisao

doi:10.1080/13554794.2021.1975768

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…tDCS DA stimulation of the frontal pole has been reported to affect the substantia nigra and ameliorate motor deficits in PD patients [90]. Moreover, tDCS has been recently reported to affect decision-making [91] in cognitive flexibility [92,93] or attention [94], with improving effects.…”

Section: General Discussion Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal Dopamine in Flexible Adaptation to Environmental Changes: A Game for Two Players

Latagliata,

Orsini,

Cabib

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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Deficits in cognitive flexibility have been characterized in affective, anxiety, and neurodegenerative disorders. This paper reviews data, mainly from studies on animal models, that support the existence of a cortical–striatal brain circuit modulated by dopamine (DA), playing a major role in cognitive/behavioral flexibility. Moreover, we reviewed clinical findings supporting misfunctioning of this circuit in Parkinson’s disease that could be responsible for some important non-motoric symptoms. The reviewed findings point to a role of catecholaminergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) in modulating DA’s availability in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), as well as a role of NAc DA in modulating the motivational value of natural and conditioned stimuli. The review section is accompanied by a preliminary experiment aimed at testing weather the extinction of a simple Pavlovian association fosters increased DA transmission in the mpFC and inhibition of DA transmission in the NAc.

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Section: General Discussion Limitations and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal Dopamine in Flexible Adaptation to Environmental Changes: A Game for Two Players

Latagliata,

Orsini,

Cabib

et al. 2023

Biomedicines

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“…Neuromelanin can be relatively easily imaged by T1-weighted 3T-MRI [62,63]. Ishikuro et al (2021) examined effects of tDCS over the FPA in one PD patient as a case report, using noninvasive imaging of neuromelanin to reveal dopamine neurons [19]. They reported that the same tDCS protocol (i.e., 2 weeks of rehabilitation with tDCS in the FPA) increased the neuromelanin-sensitive area in the SNc, where dopamine neurons are located, from 43.2 to 53.2 mm 2 (increases by 18.8%), and that the patient exhibits clinically meaningful improvement of motor deficits (Figure 5B).…”

Section: Effects Of Tdcs Over the Fpa In Pd Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consistent with these findings, we will show that tDCS over the FPA is also effective in PD. Another significant issue in rehabilitation is that a substantial proportion of patients discontinue rehabilitation programs due to a loss of persistence or motivation [17][18][19]. This paper also discusses the neural mechanisms of another effect of tDCS over the FPA, especially its effect on persistence and motivation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper aims to review the role of the FPA in motor learning and to review the current clinical efficacy of tDCS over various brain regions, including the FPA in PD. Our recent findings in healthy adults show that tDCS over the FPA enhances motor skill learning through its effects on the motor-related regions [16][17][18][19][20] (see below for details). We discuss how tDCS over the FPA may facilitate motor skill learning by affecting the motor-related regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area

Ishikuro,

Hattori,

Otomune

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that applies a weak current to the scalp to modulate neuronal excitability by stimulating the cerebral cortex. The technique can produce either somatic depolarization (anodal stimulation) or somatic hyperpolarization (cathodal stimulation), based on the polarity of the current used by noninvasively stimulating the cerebral cortex with a weak current from the scalp, making it a NIBS technique that can modulate neuronal excitability. Thus, tDCS has emerged as a hopeful clinical neuro-rehabilitation treatment strategy. This method has a broad range of potential uses in rehabilitation medicine for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The present paper reviews the efficacy of tDCS over the front-polar area (FPA) in healthy subjects, as well as patients with PD, where tDCS is mainly applied to the primary motor cortex (M1 area). Multiple evidence lines indicate that the FPA plays a part in motor learning. Furthermore, recent studies have reported that tDCS applied over the FPA can improve motor functions in both healthy adults and PD patients. We argue that the application of tDCS to the FPA promotes motor skill learning through its effects on the M1 area and midbrain dopamine neurons. Additionally, we will review other unique outcomes of tDCS over the FPA, such as effects on persistence and motivation, and discuss their underlying neural mechanisms. These findings support the claim that the FPA could emerge as a new key brain region for tDCS in neuro-rehabilitation.

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“…Melanins differ in terms of origin, color, composition, and functions they perform in organisms [1][2][3]. In humans, they are mainly known to be responsible for pigmentation of the skin, hair, and iris [4][5][6], although one type of melanin (neuromelanin) occurs in the central nervous system and does not affect pigmentation phenotype [7][8][9]. Melanins in animals are assigned a wide variety of biological functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Migraine in Europeans with Low Melanin Levels—A Population Based Case-Control Study

et al. 2022

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Populations with a relatively low concentration of melanin, e.g., inhabitants of Europe, North America, and Australia, are the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of UV radiation. Individuals with fair phototype are at greatest risk of developing skin cancer. Several neurological studies present that light skin may modify the risk of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. However, the relationship between migraine and skin pigmentation has not been investigated yet. The objective of this study is to provide evidence of the relationship between skin pigmentation and migraine prevalence in adults. We examined a group of 148 adults (33 men, 115 women) with migraine and a control group of 107 adults (43 men, 64 women). Parameters of skin pigmentation (melanin index, erythema index, CIElab, and RGB scales) were measured using a DSM II Cortex Technology dermospectrophotometer. Risk of migraine in lightly pigmented adults was elevated. Individuals with a low melanin index had over 3-fold increased risk of migraine (women: OR 3.53, men: OR 3.73). Fair phototype, which results from lightly pigmented skin, was associated with migraine prevalence. Migraineurs should take extra care to protect their skin from the negative effects of solar radiation.

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A Parkinson’s disease patient displaying increased neuromelanin-sensitive areas in the substantia nigra after rehabilitation with tDCS: a case report

Cited by 3 publications

References 70 publications

Prefrontal Dopamine in Flexible Adaptation to Environmental Changes: A Game for Two Players

Prefrontal Dopamine in Flexible Adaptation to Environmental Changes: A Game for Two Players

Neural Mechanisms of Neuro-Rehabilitation Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) over the Front-Polar Area

Risk of Migraine in Europeans with Low Melanin Levels—A Population Based Case-Control Study

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