A Paretic Condition in an Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infected Roe Deer Calf

Stuen, Snorre; Moum, Truls; Bernhoft, Aksel; Vene, Sirkka

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-42.1.170

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The zoonotic agents found were B. henselae , B. clarridgeiae , B. burgdorferi s. l., R. helvetica and R. monacensis . Contrary to the results of other investigations in Europe, including Italy (Ogden et al., 1998; Favia et al., 2001; Stuen et al., 2002, 2006; Bown et al., 2003; Polin et al., 2004; Mantelli et al., 2006; Piccolin et al., 2006), no DNA of A. phagocytophilum was identified. Bartonella spp.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Study on Ticks and Tick‐Borne Zoonoses in Public Parks in Italy

Corrain

Drigo

Fenati

et al. 2012

Zoonoses and Public Health

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A survey on tick density and on tick-borne zoonoses was carried out in four public parks in the outskirts of Imola (northern Italy) from June to October 2006. All stages of Ixodes ricinus and only larvae of Riphicephalus sanguineus were recovered by dragging, performed on 100-m transects. Almost all ticks (99%) were harvested in one park. I. ricinus density (nymphs/100 m(2) ) ranged from 0 in park L to 6.3 in park F. Nymphs and adults of I. ricinus were subjected to PCR for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi s. l. and Rickettsia spp. The observed prevalences were 38.3% for Bartonella henselae, 5.2% for Bartonella clarridgeiae, 10.4% for B. burgdorferi s. l., 2.6% for Rickettsia helvetica and 13% for Rickettsia monacensis, respectively. No DNA of A. phagocytophilum was found. Acarological risks (AR) were calculated as probabilities of collecting at least one infected nymph per transect. The AR values calculated for the various zoonotic agents were 11.4% for R. helvetica, 27.7% for B. clarridgeiae, 49.7% for B. burgdorferi s. l., 57.2% for R. monacensis and 90.4% for B. henselae, respectively. In this study, B. clarridgeiae was for the first time identified in I. ricinus ticks.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 92%

Study on Ticks and Tick‐Borne Zoonoses in Public Parks in Italy

Corrain

Drigo

Fenati

et al. 2012

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Though a case of a paretic condition in a young roe deer was attributed to infection with Anaplasma sp. [61], it is generally held that the effect of Anaplasma sp. on red deer is weak (S. Stuen, pers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscape Level Variation in Tick Abundance Relative to Seasonal Migration in Red Deer

et al. 2013

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Partial migration is common among northern ungulates, typically involving an altitudinal movement for seasonally migratory individuals. The main driving force behind migration is the benefit of an extended period of access to newly emerged, high quality forage along the green up gradient with increasing altitude; termed the forage maturation hypothesis. Any other limiting factor spatially correlated with this gradient may provide extra benefits or costs to migration, without necessarily being the cause of it. A common ectoparasite on cervids in Europe is the sheep tick (Ixodes ricinus), but it has not been tested whether migration may lead to the spatial separation from these parasites and thus potentially provide an additional benefit to migration. Further, if there is questing of ticks in winter ranges in May before spring migration, deer migration may also play a role for the distribution of ticks. We quantified the abundance of questing sheep tick within winter and summer home ranges of migratory (n = 42) and resident red deer (Cervus elaphus) individuals (n = 32) in two populations in May and August 2009–2012. Consistent with predictions, there was markedly lower abundance of questing ticks in the summer areas of migrating red deer (0.6/20 m2), both when compared to the annual home range of resident deer (4.9/20 m2) and the winter home ranges of migrants (5.8/20 m2). The reduced abundances within summer home ranges of migrants were explained by lower abundance of ticks with increasing altitude and distance from the coast. The lower abundance of ticks in summer home ranges of migratory deer does not imply that ticks are the main driver of migration (being most likely the benefits expected from forage maturation), but it suggests that ticks may add to the value of migration in some ecosystems and that it may act to spread ticks long distances in the landscape.

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“…In Wisconsin, Michalski et al [39] found a prevalence in ticks between 5.8% and 8.9%, and in white-tailed deer between 11.5% and 26% using PCR and DNA sequencing. A paretic condition in an A. phagocytophilum infected roe deer calf [40] and ehrlichiosis in a moose calf [12] has been observed in Norway. The high level of infected ticks at Fjelløyvær and Strøm (Table 4) not surprisingly shows that roe deer and red deer probably are competent reservoirs and vehicles for this bacterium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, only 0.5% of A. flavicollis was A. phagocytophilum positive. Investigations from Switzerland, England and Norway have shown that deer and sheep can be reservoir hosts [14,40,46]. Migrating birds have also been considered important in the dispersal of A. phagocytophilum infected I. ricinus in Europe and in the distribution of HGA [17,38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in relation to the density of wild cervids

2009

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BackgroundBorrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been considered as pathogens in animals and humans. The role of wild cervids in the epidemiology is not clear. We analyzed questing Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in spring for these pathogens from sites with high (Fjelløyvær and Strøm) and low density (Tjore, Hinnebu and Jomfruland) of wild cervids to study the spread of the pathogens in questing ticks.MethodsFor detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum a 77-bp fragment in the msp2 gene was used. Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato was performed using the FL6 and FL7 primers according to sequences of conserved regions of the fla gene. The OspA gene located on the linear 49-kb plasmid was used as target in multiplex PCR for genotyping. Genospecies-specific primers were used in the PCR for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii and B. garinii.ResultsInfection rates with Borrelia spp. were significantly lower at Fjelløyvær and Strøm compared to Tjore and Hinnebu; Fjelløyvær vs. Tjore (χ2 = 20.27, p < 0.0001); Fjelløyvær vs. Hinnebu (χ2 = 24.04, p < 0.0001); Strøm vs. Tjore (χ2 = 11.47, p = 0.0007) and Strøm vs. Hinnebu (χ2 = 16.63, p < 0.0001). The Borrelia genospecies were dominated by. B. afzelii (82%) followed by B. garinii (9.7%) and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (6.9%). B. burgdorferi s.s. was only found on the island of Jomfruland. The infection rate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum showed the following figures; Fjelløyvær vs Hinnebu (χ2 = 16.27, p = 0.0001); Strøm vs. Tjore (χ2 = 13.16, p = 0.0003); Strøm vs. Hinnebu (χ2 = 34.71, p < 0.0001); Fjelløyvær vs. Tjore (χ2 = 3.19, p = 0.0742) and Fjelløyvær vs. Støm (χ2 = 5.06, p = 0.0245). Wild cervids may serve as a reservoir for A. phagocytophilum. Jomfruland, with no wild cervids but high levels of migrating birds and rodents, harboured both B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum in questing I. ricinus ticks. Birds and rodents may play an important role in maintaining the pathogens on Jomfruland.ConclusionThe high abundance of roe deer and red deer on the Norwegian islands of Fjelløyvær and Strøm may reduce the infection rate of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in host seeking Ixodes ricinus, in contrast to mainland sites at Hinnebu and Tjore with moderate abundance of wild cervids. The infection rate of Anaplasma phagocytophilum showed the opposite result with a high prevalence in questing ticks in localities with a high density of wild cervids compared to localities with lower density.

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A Paretic Condition in an Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infected Roe Deer Calf

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Study on Ticks and Tick‐Borne Zoonoses in Public Parks in Italy

Study on Ticks and Tick‐Borne Zoonoses in Public Parks in Italy

Landscape Level Variation in Tick Abundance Relative to Seasonal Migration in Red Deer

Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks in relation to the density of wild cervids

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