A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β

Iliff, Jeffrey J.; Wang, Minghuan; Liao, Yonghong; Plogg, Benjamin A.; Peng, Weiguo; Gundersen, Georg Andreas; Benveniste, Helene; Vates, G. Edward; Deane, Rashid; Goldman, Steven A.; Nagelhus, Erlend A.

doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003748

Cited by 3,784 publications

(5,447 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, recent studies, including from our laboratory, have demonstrated that astrocytes, via specific expression of the water channel aquaporin 4, are responsible for perivascular clearance of Aβ and other pathological proteins from the brain (Iliff et al 2012;Xie et al 2013;Arbel-Ornath et al 2013;Xu et al 2015). Astrocytes make rapid responses to numerous varieties of damage and pathological changes through a process referred to as reactive astrogliosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice

Huang

Nie

Cao

et al. 2016

AGE

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Transgenic APPSwe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice that overproduce amyloid beta (Aβ) are extensively used in the studies of pathogenesis and experimental therapeutics and new drug screening for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most of the current literature uses young or adult APP/PS1 mice. In order to provide a broader view of AD-like phenotype of this animal model, in this study, we systematically analyzed behavioral and pathological profiles of 24-month-old male APP/ PS1 mice. Aged APP/PS1 mice had reference memory deficits as well as anxiety, hyperactivity, and social interaction impairment. Consistently, there was obvious deposition of amyloid plaques in the dorsal hippocampus with decreased expression of insulin-degrading enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme responsible for degradation of intracellular Aβ. Furthermore, decreases in hippocampal volume, neuronal number and synaptophysin expression, and astrocyte atrophy were also observed in aged APP/PS1 mice. This finding suggests that aged APP/PS1 mice can well replicate cognitive and noncognitive behavioral abnormalities, hippocampal atrophy, and neuronal and astrocyte degeneration in AD patients, to enable more objective and refined preclinical evaluation of therapeutic drugs and strategies for AD treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice

Huang

Nie

Cao

et al. 2016

AGE

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“…Thus, these fluid push -pull movements induced by the arterial pulse favour both the migration of signalling molecules of VT and the extracellular fluid renewal, especially in the cerebral cortex [40]. In 2012 came the pioneering work of Nedergaard and colleagues with the discovery of the glymphatic system of the brain [64,65]. In this brain-wide pathway, CSF enters the brain along para-arterial routes, whereas ECF is cleared from the brain along paravenous routes.…”

Section: (B) On the Renewal And Clearance Of Volume Transmission Signmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of transmitter diffusion and flow versus extracellular vesicles in volume transmission in the brain neural–glial networks

Borroto-Escuela

Agnati

Bechter

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

110

130

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One contribution of 16 to a discussion meeting issue 'Release of chemical transmitters from cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells'. Two major types of intercellular communication are found in the central nervous system (CNS), namely wiring transmission (point-to-point communication, the prototype being synaptic transmission with axons and terminals) and volume transmission (VT; communication in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) involving large numbers of cells in the CNS. Volume and synaptic transmission become integrated inter alia through the ability of their chemical signals to activate different types of receptor protomers in heteroreceptor complexes located synaptically or extrasynaptically in the plasma membrane. The demonstration of extracellular dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) fluorescence around the DA and 5-HT nerve cell bodies with the Falck-Hillarp formaldehyde fluorescence method after treatment with amphetamine and chlorimipramine, respectively, gave the first indications of the existence of VT in the brain, at least at the soma level. There exist different forms of VT. Early studies on VT only involved spread including diffusion and flow of soluble biological signals, especially transmitters and modulators, a communication called extrasynaptic (short distance) and long distance (paraaxonal and paravascular and CSF pathways) VT. Also, the extracellular vesicle type of VT was demonstrated. The exosomes (endosome-derived vesicles) appear to be the major vesicular carriers for VT but the larger microvesicles also participate. Both mainly originate at the soma-dendritic level. They can transfer lipids and proteins, including receptors, Rab GTPases, tetraspanins, cholesterol, sphingolipids and ceramide. Within them there are also subsets of mRNAs and non-coding regulatory microRNAs. At the soma-dendritic membrane, sets of dynamic postsynaptic heteroreceptor complexes (built up of different types of physically interacting receptors and proteins) involving inter alia G protein-coupled receptors including autoreceptors, ion channel receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are hypothesized to be the molecular basis for learning and memory. At nerve terminals, the presynaptic heteroreceptor complexes are postulated to undergo plastic changes to maintain the pattern of multiple transmitter release reflecting the firing pattern to be learned by the heteroreceptor complexes in the postsynaptic membrane.

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“…117,118 A distinct paravascular anatomic pathway for CSF volume transfer has also been shown, 119,120 and a recent study has elucidated a role for aquaporin 4 (AQP4), a water channel that is localized to astrocytic endfeet of the microvasculature, in this pathway. 121 Iliff et al 121 found that Ab follows this paravascular pathway, implicating its importance in AD. These findings show that Ab in CSF also has access to vascular clearance, either through uptake and degradation by vascular mural cells 122,123 or by efflux across the BBB after entry into ISF.…”

Section: Cerebrospinal Fluid/interstitial Fluid Bulk Flow Brain Barrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Alzheimer's Disease

Erickson

Banks

2013

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

447

363

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays critical roles in the maintenance of central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Dysfunction of the BBB occurs in a number of CNS diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). A prevailing hypothesis in the AD field is the amyloid cascade hypothesis that states that amyloid-b (Ab) deposition in the CNS initiates a cascade of molecular events that cause neurodegeneration, leading to AD onset and progression. In this review, the participation of the BBB in the amyloid cascade and in other mechanisms of AD neurodegeneration will be discussed. We will specifically focus on three aspects of BBB dysfunction: disruption, perturbation of transporters, and secretion of neurotoxic substances by the BBB. We will also discuss the interaction of the BBB with components of the neurovascular unit in relation to AD and the potential contribution of AD risk factors to aspects of BBB dysfunction. From the results discussed herein, we conclude that BBB dysfunction contributes to AD through a number of mechanisms that could be initiated in the presence or absence of Ab pathology. Keywords: Alzheimer's disease; blood-brain barrier; cerebrospinal fluid; diabetes; inflammation; neurovascular unit INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, and affects B36 million individuals worldwide (http://www.alz. co.uk/research/world-report). The majority of individuals afflicted with AD initially present with symptoms of memory loss and cognitive impairment late in life (Z65 years old). These symptoms increase in severity as AD progresses, often become so debilitating that institutionalization is necessary, and are eventually fatal. Therefore, AD is a disease with tremendous socioeconomic cost. Because of the growing aged population and lack of treatments that can prevent or slow disease progression, future AD prevalence is expected to increase to an extent that it may threaten the sustainability of healthcare systems worldwide. This necessitates a global effort to better understand AD, with the goal of developing treatments that can prevent or slow AD progression. Journal of Cerebral BloodMuch of the focus in AD research has been on amyloid-b peptide (Ab) and tau, which are the protein constituents of the hallmark senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that pathologically define AD. The amyloid cascade hypothesis, initially proposed by Hardy and Higgins in 1992, 1 updated by Hardy and Selkoe in 2002, 2 and still a prevalent focus of AD research today, states that deposition of Ab in the brain is the initiating event in AD. Although the hypothesis remains generally accepted, it is also increasingly evident that Ab plays a complex, multifaceted role in AD progression. In rare, familial forms of AD, mutations in the Ab precursor protein (APP) or in presenilin proteins, the enzymes that cleave Ab from APP, cause increased Ab deposition. In the remainder of AD cases, it is thought that Ab deposition results from deficient clearance. 2 Multiple routes of clearance have been elucidat...

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A Paravascular Pathway Facilitates CSF Flow Through the Brain Parenchyma and the Clearance of Interstitial Solutes, Including Amyloid β

Cited by 3,784 publications

References 57 publications

Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice

Characterization of AD-like phenotype in aged APPSwe/PS1dE9 mice

The role of transmitter diffusion and flow versus extracellular vesicles in volume transmission in the brain neural–glial networks

Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction as a Cause and Consequence of Alzheimer's Disease

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