A Parametric Variation of Delayed Reinforcement in Infants

Reeve, Lori; Reeve, Kenneth F.; Poulson, Claire L.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1993.60-515

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We expected that the infants were able to associate the cue with the event that was temporally separated. The delay period was comparable with that used in previous behavioral studies, in which 3-month-old infants were conditioned using a 5 s delay of reinforcement and 6-month-old infants performed the oculomotor response with delays of up to 5 s [32], [33]. Each presentation of an auditory event was followed by a rest period (15.5 s) for the cerebral blood flow induced by the event to return to baseline.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundBehavioral studies have shown that infants can form associations between environmental events and produce anticipatory actions for the predictable event, but the neural mechanisms for the learning and anticipation of events in infants are not known. Recent neuroimaging studies revealed that the association cortices of infants show activation related to auditory-stimulus discrimination and novelty detection during sleep. In the present study, we expected that when an auditory cue (beeps) predicted an auditory event (a female voice), specific regions of the infant cortex would show anticipatory activation before the event onset even while sleeping.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe examined the cortical activation of 3-month-old infants during delays between the cue and the event by using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy. To investigate spatiotemporal changes in cortical activation over the experimental session, we divided the session into two phases (early and late phase) and analyzed each phase separately. In the early phase, the frontal regions showed activation in response to the cue that was followed by the event compared with another cue that was not followed by any event. In the late phase, the temporoparietal region, in addition to the frontal region, showed prominent activation in response to the cue followed by the event. In contrast, when the cue was followed by an event and no-event in equal proportions, cortical activation in response to the cue was not observed in any phase.ConclusionsSleeping 3-month-old infants showed anticipatory cortical activation in the temporoparietal and frontal regions only in response to the cue predicting the event, suggesting that infants can implicitly form associations between temporally separated events and generate the anticipatory activation before the predictable event. Furthermore, the different time evolution of activation in the temporoparietal and frontal regions suggests that these regions may be involved in different aspects of learning and predicting future events.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Maternal vocalization occurring within 3 seconds of the onset of infant behavior was considered to be a contingent response (Lewis & Goldberg, 1969). This 3-second interval is regarded as within young infants’ short-term memory for contingency perception (Lewis & Goldberg, 1969; Reeve, Reeve, & Poulson, 1993; Watson, 1985; 2001). The measure of maternal contingency was the proportion of infant vocalizations responded to by the mother within 3 seconds of their occurrence.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant approach and withdrawal in response to a goal blockage: Its antecedent causes and its effect on toddler persistence.

Lewis¹,

Sullivan²,

Kim³

2015

Developmental Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In two separate longitudinal studies, infants and their mothers were seen in three longitudinal visits. At two months, they were observed in free play where mothers’ contingency toward their infants was obtained. At five months, a goal blockage response was produced when a previously learned contingent response became ineffective in producing an interesting event. Infants’ emotional responses, in particular anger and sad facial expressions, were observed. At two years, toddlers’ persistence at play was assessed by measuring children’s responses to an interruption of their play. In both studies, the amount of toddlers’ persistence was positively related to their anger response to the blocked goal at five months. Maternal contingency was not related either to infants’ response to the blocked goal nor to their persistence at play. These findings provide evidence for the contribution to and the consequences of infants’ response to a goal blockage and the role of anger as an approach emotion.

show abstract

“…On the contrary, there exists credible evidence that the functions relating response-consequence delay and behavior change under operant and feedback procedures are similar and, therefore, attributable to common behavioral processes. Correspondingly, similar procedures may be used to mitigate the effects of responseconsequence delay for both feedback and reinforcement or punishment preparations (see, for example, Dickinson et al 1996;Lurie and Swaminathan 2009;Metcalfe et al 2009;Reeve et al 1993;Stromer et al 2000).…”

Section: Delay Of Consequences For Respondingmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Feedback from a Behavior Analytic Perspective

Mangiapanello

Hemmes

2015

BEHAV ANALYST

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present paper presents a systematic analysis from a behavior analytic perspective of procedures termed feedback. Although feedback procedures are widely reported in the discipline of psychology, including in the field of behavior analysis, feedback is neither consistently defined nor analyzed. Feedback is frequently treated as a principle of behavior; however, its effects are rarely analyzed in terms of well-established principles of learning and behavior analysis. On the assumption that effectiveness of feedback procedures would be enhanced when their use is informed by these principles, we sought to provide a conceptually systematic account of feedback effects in terms of operant conditioning principles. In the first comprehensive review of this type, we compare feedback procedures with those of well-defined operant procedures. We also compare the functional relations that have been observed between parameters of consequence delivery and behavior under both feedback and operant procedures. The similarities observed in the preceding analyses suggest that processes revealed in operant conditioning procedures are sufficient to explain the phenomena observed in studies on feedback.

show abstract

A Parametric Variation of Delayed Reinforcement in Infants

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants

Anticipatory Cortical Activation Precedes Auditory Events in Sleeping Infants

Infant approach and withdrawal in response to a goal blockage: Its antecedent causes and its effect on toddler persistence.

An Analysis of Feedback from a Behavior Analytic Perspective

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About