A parametric distribution for the fraction of outdoor soil in indoor dust

Trowbridge, Philip; Burmaster, David E.

doi:10.1080/15320389709383554

Cited by 29 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Upper estimates have a range of 80-85% (Hawley 1985;Roberts et al 1991), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1994(EPA , 1998 uses an estimate of 70% as a default value in the application of the Integrated Exposure Uptake Biokinetic (IE-UBK) model for predicting community pediatric blood lead (Pb) levels. Mid-range estimates of 30-45% have been suggested by some studies (Fergusson and Kim 1991;Trowbridge and Burmaster 1997), with other studies proposing a low-range estimate of 20-30% (Davies et al 1985;Culbard et al 1988;Rutz et al 1997). The soil contribution to dust is important because soil and dust ingestion is common among young children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces

Hunt

Johnson

Brooks

et al. 2008

Environ Geochem Health

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In the indoor environment, settled surface dust often functions as a reservoir of hazardous particulate contaminants. In many circumstances, a major contributing source to the dust pool is exterior soil. Young children are particularly susceptible to exposure to both outdoor derived soil and indoor derived dust present in the indoor dust pool. This is because early in life the exploratory activities of the infant are dominated by touching and mouthing behavior. Inadvertent exposure to dust through mouth contact and hand-to-mouth activity is an inevitable consequence of infant development. Clean-up of indoor dust is, in many circumstances, critically important in efforts to minimize pediatric exposure. In this study, we examine the efficiency of vacuum cleaner removal of footwear-deposited soil on vinyl floor tiles. The study utilized a 5 x 10 foot (c. 152.5 x 305 cm) test surface composed of 1-foot-square (c. 30.5 x 30.5 cm) vinyl floor tiles. A composite test soil with moderately elevated levels of certain elements (e.g., Pb) was repeatedly introduced onto the floor surface by footwear track-on. The deposited soil was subsequently periodically removed from randomly selected tiles using a domestic vacuum cleaner. The mass and loading of soil elements on the tiles following vacuuming were determined both by wet wipe collection and by subsequent chemical analysis. It was found that vacuum cleaner removal eliminated much of the soil mass from the floor tiles. However, a small percentage of the mass was not removed and a portion of this residual mass could be picked up by moistened hand-lifts. Furthermore, although the post-vacuuming tile soil mass was sizably reduced, for some elements (notably Pb) the concentration in the residual soil was increased. We interpret this increased metal concentration to be a particle size effect with smaller particles (with a proportionately higher metal content) remaining in situ after vacuuming.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces

Hunt

Johnson

Brooks

et al. 2008

Environ Geochem Health

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“…Normalization generally reveals that many trace metals are more contaminated in household dust than in local heterogeneous external solids, like garden soil and road dust, and are highly contaminated in the domestic setting relative to an appropriate baseline, such as crustal rock (Fergusson et al 1986;Trowbridge and Burmaster 1997;Turner and Simmonds 2006;Rashed 2008). Overall, enrichment of trace metals in the household may be attributed to (i) the importance of internal sources in the contemporary residential setting, (ii) the preferential track-in of the finest and most metal-enriched fractions of contaminated external materials, and (iii) limited means of removing contaminants from or reducing their concentrations in the domestic environment (the external environment is more humid and persistent contaminants are diluted and dispersed by rain and wind; Hogervorst et al 2007).…”

Section: Metal Concentrations In Household Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral bioaccessibility of trace metals in household dust: a review

Turner

2011

Environ Geochem Health

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Because household dust is a heterogeneous assortment of particles derived from a multitude of diverse sources, concentrations of toxicants, like trace metals, vary widely among sample populations. For risk assessment purposes, the bioaccessibility of a trace metal, or its degree of solubilization in the human lung or digestive environment, provides a better metric of its potential health impact than its total concentration. In this paper, the relatively little direct information that exists on the in vitro oral bioaccessibilities of metals in household dust is reviewed. Data and mechanisms from studies involving better characterized geosolids, like soil and street dust, or metal-rich components thereof, such as paints, are also extrapolated to the household setting, although use of these solids as surrogates of household dust is not recommended. The bioaccessibility of a given metal is highly variable in the household setting; for instance, reported accessibilities of Pb in fluids that mimic the human stomach range from 25 to 80%, and accessibility is usually, but not always, reduced when conditions are altered to mimic the intestine. While part of this variation reflects the inherent heterogeneity of samples arising from local to regional differences in geology, industrial emissions, and domestic (and cultural) practices, considerable variation results from the precise means by which bioaccessibility is determined in vitro. It is recommended, therefore, that the effects of physicochemical variables, and in particular, the solid to fluid ratio and the pH of the stomach phase, are studied systematically such that appropriate algorithms or corrections may be factored into measures of bioaccessibility obtained under operationally defined default conditions.

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“…D PM is the concentration of particulate matter that is respirable in the air (for time spent outdoors, D PM is assumed 0.111 × 10 −6 kg m −3 , that is the annual mean PM 10 concentration for the study area [29]. When indoors, D PM = 0.445 × 0.111 × 10 −6 kg m −3 because 44.5% of indoor dust is considered to be derived from outdoor soil [30]). M PM is the contaminated concentration on airborne particulate matter (assumed equal to [C S ] where dust is derived from the soil [31]).…”

Section: Risk Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%