A Parallelism between Human Body Temperature and Performance Independent of the Endogenous Circadian Pacemaker

Monk, Timothy H.; Carrier, Julie

doi:10.1177/074873098128999961

Cited by 22 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…Consistent with expectations, prior wake time and the overt CBT rhythm had a robust effect on cognitive throughput on both performance measures. This outcome confirms the well-established relationships found between prior wake time and performance (Johnson et al, 1992;Koslowsky et al, 1992;Pilcher et al, 1996;Wyatt et al, 1999), and the tight coupling of overt CBT and performance (Johnson et al, 1992;Kleitman et al, 1950; Monk et al, 1998;Wright et al, 2002). Neither the amount of NREM S1 and S2 sleep nor SWS elicited an effect in cognitive throughput performance in our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Contribution of Core Body Temperature, Prior Wake Time, and Sleep Stages to Cognitive Throughput Performance During Forced Desynchrony

Darwent

Ferguson

Sargent

et al. 2010

Chronobiology International

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Shiftworkers are often required to sleep at inappropriate phases of their circadian timekeeping system, with implications for the dynamics of ultradian sleep stages. The independent effects of these changes on cognitive throughput performance are not well understood. This is because the effects of sleep on performance are usually confounded with circadian factors that cannot be controlled under normal day/night conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of prior wake, core body temperature, and sleep stages to cognitive throughput performance under conditions of forced desynchrony (FD). A total of 11 healthy young adult males resided in a sleep laboratory in which day/night zeitgebers were eliminated and ambient room temperature, lighting levels, and behavior were controlled. The protocol included 2 training days, a baseline day, and 7 x 28-h FD periods. Each FD period consisted of an 18.7-h wake period followed by a 9.3-h rest period. Sleep was assessed using standard polysomnography. Core body temperature and physical activity were assessed continuously in 1-min epochs. Cognitive throughput was measured by a 5-min serial addition and subtraction (SAS) task and a 90-s digit symbol substitution (DSS) task. These were administered in test sessions scheduled every 2.5 h across the wake periods of each FD period. On average, sleep periods had a mean (+/- standard deviation) duration of 8.5 (+/-1.2) h in which participants obtained 7.6 (+/-1.4) h of total sleep time. This included 4.2 (+/-1.2) h of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep (S1-S2 sleep), 1.6 (+/-0.6) h of slow-wave sleep (SWS), and 1.8 (+/-0.6) h of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. A mixed-model analysis with five covariates indicated significant fixed effects on cognitive throughput for circadian phase, prior wake time, and amount of REM sleep. Significant effects for S1-S2 sleep and SWS were not found. The results demonstrate that variations in core body temperature, time awake, and amount of REM sleep are associated with changes in cognitive throughput performance. The absence of significant effect for SWS may be attributable to the truncated range of sleep period durations sampled in this study. However, because the mean and variance for SWS were similar to REM sleep, these results suggest that cognitive throughput may be more sensitive to variations in REM sleep than SWS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Contribution of Core Body Temperature, Prior Wake Time, and Sleep Stages to Cognitive Throughput Performance During Forced Desynchrony

Darwent

Ferguson

Sargent

et al. 2010

Chronobiology International

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“…Also, a circadian component in phase with the rhythm of body temperature is found. Further analysis (Wright et al, 2002) has indicated that core temperature affects mental performance independently of circadian rhythmicity, a conclusion that has been drawn also from studies using the constant routine (Monk & Carrier, 1998).…”

Section: Circadian Rhythms In Self‐rated Subjective Feelings and Mentmentioning

confidence: 85%

Rhythms of Mental Performance

Valdéz¹,

Reilly

Waterhouse

2008

Mind Brain and Education

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-Cognitive performance is affected by an individual ' s characteristics and the environment, as well as by the nature of the task and the amount of practice at it. Mental performance tests range in complexity and include subjective estimates of mood, simple objective tests (reaction time), and measures of complex performance that require decisions to be made and priorities set. Mental performance tasks show 2 components, a circadian rhythm and the effects of time awake. The circadian rhythm is in phase with the rhythm of core temperature and there is evidence for a causal link. Increasing time awake results in performance deterioration and is attributed to fatigue. The relative contribution of these 2 components depends upon the task under consideration; simple tasks generally show smaller effects due to increasing time awake. These contributions have been assessed by constant routines and forced desynchronization protocols and have formed the basis of several mathematical models that attempt to predict performance in a variety of fi eld conditions. Mental performance is negatively affected by sleep loss; although short naps are benefi cial, sleep inertia limits their value immediately after waking. The processes involved in cognition include attention (tonic and phasic alertness, and selective and sustained attention), working memory (phonological, used for speech, reading, and writing; and visuospatial, used for spatial processing, drawing, and mathematics), and executive function (initiative, decision making, and problem solving). These processes are illuminated by analysis of the regions of the brain involved, the presence of circadian rhythmicity, and the effects of sleep loss. The results from such laboratory-and fi eld-based observations are relevant to the issue of learning in schoolchildren and lead to suggestions for improving their performance. INTRODUCTIONThere is a large body of research that considers biological factors that are associated with accidents or errors in the workplace, the aim being to develop strategies that minimize such occurrences. This approach has been complemented by laboratory-based studies that investigate the factors that affect mental performance, the basic argument being that poor performance is more likely to result in errors which, if uncorrected, lead to accidents (reviewed in Åkerstedt, 1995, 2007Dinges, 1995;Folkard, 1990;Horne & Reyner, 1995;Waterhouse, Minors, Åkerstedt, Reilly, & Atkinson, 2001 , for example). In the present context, " mental performance " can be defi ned operationally as the outcome of a task, effort, or activity that engages the central nervous system (CNS).The combined result of these studies is that many of the factors that infl uence a person ' s ability to perform a task successfully are known. These factors include ambient conditions, food intake, practice effects, chronotype, and the nature of the performance task. Additional factors, which will be considered in more detail, include the effects of time of day (circadian rhythmicity)...

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“…Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions Introduction Circadian variations have been documented in performance of many tasks, such as sensory (Lotze et al 1999), motor (Edwards et al 2007(Edwards et al , 2008Jasper, Ha¨ußler, Baur et al 2009;), reaction time (Wright et al 2002;Blatter et al 2006), time estimation (Campbell et al 2001;Kuriyama et al 2003), arithmetic calculations (Loeb et al 1982), manual speed, serial search and verbal reasoning (Monk and Carrier 1998), and memory and logic reasoning tasks (Folkard and Monk 1980). Performance tends to improve during the day and deteriorate during the night (Colquhoun 1971;Lavie 1980;Carrier and Monk 2000).…”

Section: Please Scroll Down For Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian rhythms in two components of executive functions: cognitive inhibition and flexibility

García

Ramírez

Martínez

et al. 2012

Biological Rhythm Research

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The objective of this study was to analyze possible circadian variations in two components of executive functions: inhibition and flexibility. Participants were eight undergraduate students, age: 17.75 + 0.46 years, one male and seven female. They were kept in a constant routine protocol for 29 h. Rectal temperature was recorded every minute and responses to a computerized Stroop-like task with shifting criteria were recorded every 100 min. The task had three sections: match, no-match (index of inhibition), and shifting criteria (index of flexibility). There were circadian variations in rectal temperature, inhibition and flexibility. These cognitive processes showed a 1-2 h phase delay with respect to rectal temperature, and were modulated by sustained attention (time on task). The decline of these components of executive functions at night and in the early morning impairs decision-making and problemsolving, thus promoting errors while driving a car or working at night.

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A Parallelism between Human Body Temperature and Performance Independent of the Endogenous Circadian Pacemaker

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Contribution of Core Body Temperature, Prior Wake Time, and Sleep Stages to Cognitive Throughput Performance During Forced Desynchrony

Contribution of Core Body Temperature, Prior Wake Time, and Sleep Stages to Cognitive Throughput Performance During Forced Desynchrony

Rhythms of Mental Performance

Circadian rhythms in two components of executive functions: cognitive inhibition and flexibility

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