A paradox in optimal flow control of M/M/ queues

Models of Paradoxical Coincident Cost Degradation in Noncooperative Networks

“…In this chapter, we present some seemingly paradoxical results on the routing problems and on the equivalent load balancing problems. There have been found similar seemingly paradoxical results on flow control [19,20], but we do not discuss them here.…”

Coincident Cost Improvement vs. Degradation by Adding Connections to Noncooperative Networks and Distributed Systems

“…In wireless networks, users may have power control. The concept of a Nash equilibrium is also discussed with a paradoxical behavior discovered (Inoie et al 2006), both of which are not addressed in this paper.…”